Optical systems for head-worn computers

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the present disclosure relate a head-worn computer with a see-through display wherein computer content is presented to a user wearing the head-worn computer and through which the user sees a surrounding environment, wherein the see-through display generates image light comprised of narrow bandwidths of red, green and blue light and wherein the see-through display further includes a tristimulus notch mirror positioned to reflect the image light towards the user&#39;s eye, and wherein the tristimulus notch mirror reflects less than a full width half max of the red image light.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 15/259,465, filedSep. 8, 2016 (ODGP-2031-U01).

Each of above applications is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

This disclosure relates to head-worn computer systems with see-throughoptical systems.

Description of Related Art

Head mounted displays (HMDs) and particularly HMDs that provide asee-through view of the environment are valuable instruments. Thepresentation of content in the see-through display can be a complicatedoperation when attempting to ensure that the user experience isoptimized. Improved systems and methods for presenting content in thesee-through display are required to improve the user experience.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to head-worn computer systemswith see-through displays.

These and other systems, methods, objects, features, and advantages ofthe present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art fromthe following detailed description of the preferred embodiment and thedrawings. All documents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated intheir entirety by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments are described with reference to the following Figures. Thesame numbers may be used throughout to reference like features andcomponents that are shown in the Figures:

FIG. 1 illustrates a head worn computing system in accordance with theprinciples of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates a head worn computing system with optical system inaccordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates upper and lower optical modules in accordance withthe principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates angles of combiner elements in accordance with theprinciples of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates upper and lower optical modules in accordance withthe principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates upper and lower optical modules in accordance withthe principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 illustrates upper and lower optical modules in accordance withthe principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates upper and lower optical modules in accordance withthe principles of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 9, 10 a, 10 b and 11 illustrate light sources and filters inaccordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 12a to 12c illustrate light sources and quantum dot systems inaccordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 13a to 13c illustrate peripheral lighting systems in accordancewith the principles of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 14a to 14h illustrate light suppression systems in accordance withthe principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 15 illustrates an external user interface in accordance with theprinciples of the present disclosure.

FIG. 16 illustrates external user interfaces in accordance with theprinciples of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate structured eye lighting systems according tothe principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 19 illustrates eye glint in the prediction of eye directionanalysis in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 20a illustrates eye characteristics that may be used in personalidentification through analysis of a system according to the principlesof the present disclosure.

FIG. 20b illustrates a digital content presentation reflection off ofthe wearer's eye that may be analyzed in accordance with the principlesof the present disclosure.

FIG. 21 illustrates eye imaging along various virtual target lines andvarious focal planes in accordance with the principles of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 22 illustrates content control with respect to eye movement basedon eye imaging in accordance with the principles of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 23 illustrates eye imaging and eye convergence in accordance withthe principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 24 illustrates light impinging an eye in accordance with theprinciples of the present disclosure.

FIG. 25 illustrates a view of an eye in accordance with the principlesof the present disclosure.

FIGS. 26a and 26b illustrate views of an eye with a structured lightpattern in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 27 illustrates a user interface in accordance with the principlesof the present disclosure.

FIG. 28 illustrates a user interface in accordance with the principlesof the present disclosure.

FIGS. 29 and 29 a illustrate haptic systems in accordance with theprinciples of the present disclosure.

FIG. 30 illustrates a user interface system in accordance with theprinciples of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 31, 32, 33 a, 33 b, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 38 a, 39, 40, 41 and 42illustrate solid see-through optical systems in accordance with theprinciples of the present disclosure.

FIG. 43 illustrates a corrective optic and a see-through optical systemsin accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 44 illustrates LED emission spectra for a display system inaccordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 45, 46, 47 and 48 illustrate performance provided by a variousnotch mirrors in accordance with the principles of the presentdisclosure.

FIGS. 48a and 48b show how angles of incidence (AOI) and cone half angle(CFA) cause the performance of a bandpass filter to change.

FIGS. 49, 49 a, 49 b and 50 illustrate various optical systems inaccordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

While the disclosure has been described in connection with certainpreferred embodiments, other embodiments would be understood by one ofordinary skill in the art and are encompassed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to head-worn computing (“HWC”)systems. HWC involves, in some instances, a system that mimics theappearance of head-worn glasses or sunglasses. The glasses may be afully developed computing platform, such as including computer displayspresented in each of the lenses of the glasses to the eyes of the user.In embodiments, the lenses and displays may be configured to allow aperson wearing the glasses to see the environment through the lenseswhile also seeing, simultaneously, digital imagery, which forms anoverlaid image that is perceived by the person as a digitally augmentedimage of the environment, or augmented reality (“AR”).

HWC involves more than just placing a computing system on a person'shead. The system may need to be designed as a lightweight, compact andfully functional computer display, such as wherein the computer displayincludes a high resolution digital display that provides a high level ofemersion comprised of the displayed digital content and the see-throughview of the environmental surroundings. User interfaces and controlsystems suited to the HWC device may be required that are unlike thoseused for a more conventional computer such as a laptop. For the HWC andassociated systems to be most effective, the glasses may be equippedwith sensors to determine environmental conditions, geographic location,relative positioning to other points of interest, objects identified byimaging and movement by the user or other users in a connected group,compass heading, head tilt, where the user is looking and the like. TheHWC may then change the mode of operation to match the conditions,location, positioning, movements, and the like, in a method generallyreferred to as a contextually aware HWC. The glasses also may need to beconnected, wirelessly or otherwise, to other systems either locally orthrough a network. Controlling the glasses may be achieved through theuse of an external device, automatically through contextually gatheredinformation, through user gestures captured by the glasses sensors, andthe like. Each technique may be further refined depending on thesoftware application being used in the glasses. The glasses may furtherbe used to control or coordinate with external devices that areassociated with the glasses.

Referring to FIG. 1, an overview of the HWC system 100 is presented. Asshown, the HWC system 100 comprises a HWC 102, which in this instance isconfigured as glasses to be worn on the head with sensors such that theHWC 102 is aware of the objects and conditions in the environment 114.In this instance, the HWC 102 also receives and interprets controlinputs such as gestures and movements 116. The HWC 102 may communicatewith external user interfaces 104. The external user interfaces 104 mayprovide a physical user interface to take control instructions from auser of the HWC 102 and the external user interfaces 104 and the HWC 102may communicate bi-directionally to affect the user's command andprovide feedback to the external device 108. The HWC 102 may alsocommunicate bi-directionally with externally controlled or coordinatedlocal devices 108. For example, an external user interface 104 may beused in connection with the HWC 102 to control an externally controlledor coordinated local device 108. The externally controlled orcoordinated local device 108 may provide feedback to the HWC 102 and acustomized GUI may be presented in the HWC 102 based on the type ofdevice or specifically identified device 108. The HWC 102 may alsointeract with remote devices and information sources 112 through anetwork connection 110. Again, the external user interface 104 may beused in connection with the HWC 102 to control or otherwise interactwith any of the remote devices 108 and information sources 112 in asimilar way as when the external user interfaces 104 are used to controlor otherwise interact with the externally controlled or coordinatedlocal devices 108. Similarly, HWC 102 may interpret gestures 116 (e.gcaptured from forward, downward, upward, rearward facing sensors such ascamera(s), range finders, IR sensors, etc.) or environmental conditionssensed in the environment 114 to control either local or remote devices108 or 112.

We will now describe each of the main elements depicted on FIG. 1 inmore detail; however, these descriptions are intended to provide generalguidance and should not be construed as limiting. Additional descriptionof each element may also be further described herein.

The HWC 102 is a computing platform intended to be worn on a person'shead. The HWC 102 may take many different forms to fit many differentfunctional requirements. In some situations, the HWC 102 will bedesigned in the form of conventional glasses. The glasses may or may nothave active computer graphics displays. In situations where the HWC 102has integrated computer displays the displays may be configured assee-through displays such that the digital imagery can be overlaid withrespect to the user's view of the environment 114. There are a number ofsee-through optical designs that may be used, including ones that have areflective display (e.g. LCoS, DLP), emissive displays (e.g. OLED, LED),hologram, TIR waveguides, and the like. In embodiments, lighting systemsused in connection with the display optics may be solid state lightingsystems, such as LED, OLED, quantum dot, quantum dot LED, etc. Inaddition, the optical configuration may be monocular or binocular. Itmay also include vision corrective optical components. In embodiments,the optics may be packaged as contact lenses. In other embodiments, theHWC 102 may be in the form of a helmet with a see-through shield,sunglasses, safety glasses, goggles, a mask, fire helmet withsee-through shield, police helmet with see through shield, militaryhelmet with see-through shield, utility form customized to a certainwork task (e.g. inventory control, logistics, repair, maintenance,etc.), and the like.

The HWC 102 may also have a number of integrated computing facilities,such as an integrated processor, integrated power management,communication structures (e.g. cell net, WiFi, Bluetooth, local areaconnections, mesh connections, remote connections (e.g. client server,etc.)), and the like. The HWC 102 may also have a number of positionalawareness sensors, such as GPS, electronic compass, altimeter, tiltsensor, IMU, and the like. It may also have other sensors such as acamera, rangefinder, hyper-spectral camera, Geiger counter, microphone,spectral illumination detector, temperature sensor, chemical sensor,biologic sensor, moisture sensor, ultrasonic sensor, and the like.

The HWC 102 may also have integrated control technologies. Theintegrated control technologies may be contextual based control, passivecontrol, active control, user control, and the like. For example, theHWC 102 may have an integrated sensor (e.g. camera) that captures userhand or body gestures 116 such that the integrated processing system caninterpret the gestures and generate control commands for the HWC 102. Inanother example, the HWC 102 may have sensors that detect movement (e.g.a nod, head shake, and the like) including accelerometers, gyros andother inertial measurements, where the integrated processor mayinterpret the movement and generate a control command in response. TheHWC 102 may also automatically control itself based on measured orperceived environmental conditions. For example, if it is bright in theenvironment the HWC 102 may increase the brightness or contrast of thedisplayed image. In embodiments, the integrated control technologies maybe mounted on the HWC 102 such that a user can interact with itdirectly. For example, the HWC 102 may have a button(s), touchcapacitive interface, and the like.

As described herein, the HWC 102 may be in communication with externaluser interfaces 104. The external user interfaces may come in manydifferent forms. For example, a cell phone screen may be adapted to takeuser input for control of an aspect of the HWC 102. The external userinterface may be a dedicated UI (e.g. air mouse, finger mounted mouse),such as a keyboard, touch surface, button(s), joy stick, and the like.In embodiments, the external controller may be integrated into anotherdevice such as a ring, watch, bike, car, and the like. In each case, theexternal user interface 104 may include sensors (e.g. IMU,accelerometers, compass, altimeter, and the like) to provide additionalinput for controlling the HWD 104.

As described herein, the HWC 102 may control or coordinate with otherlocal devices 108. The external devices 108 may be an audio device,visual device, vehicle, cell phone, computer, and the like. Forinstance, the local external device 108 may be another HWC 102, whereinformation may then be exchanged between the separate HWCs 108.

Similar to the way the HWC 102 may control or coordinate with localdevices 106, the HWC 102 may control or coordinate with remote devices112, such as the HWC 102 communicating with the remote devices 112through a network 110. Again, the form of the remote device 112 may havemany forms. Included in these forms is another HWC 102. For example,each HWC 102 may communicate its GPS position such that all the HWCs 102know where all of HWC 102 are located.

FIG. 2 illustrates a HWC 102 with an optical system that includes anupper optical module 202 and a lower optical module 204. While the upperand lower optical modules 202 and 204 will generally be described asseparate modules, it should be understood that this is illustrative onlyand the present disclosure includes other physical configurations, suchas that when the two modules are combined into a single module or wherethe elements making up the two modules are configured into more than twomodules. In embodiments, the upper module 202 includes a computercontrolled display (e.g. LCoS, FLCoS, DLP, OLED, backlit LCD, etc.) andimage light delivery optics. In embodiments, the lower module includeseye delivery optics that are configured to receive the upper module'simage light and deliver the image light to the eye of a wearer of theHWC. In FIG. 2, it should be noted that while the upper and loweroptical modules 202 and 204 are illustrated in one side of the HWC suchthat image light can be delivered to one eye of the wearer, that it isenvisioned by the present disclosure that embodiments will contain twoimage light delivery systems, one for each eye.

FIG. 3 illustrates a combination of an upper optical module 202 with alower optical module 204. In this embodiment, the image light projectedfrom the upper optical module 202 may or may not be polarized. The imagelight is reflected off a flat combiner element 602 such that it isdirected towards the user's eye. Wherein, the combiner element 602 is apartial mirror that reflects image light while transmitting asubstantial portion of light from the environment so the user can lookthrough the combiner element and see the environment surrounding theHWC.

The combiner 602 may include a holographic pattern, to form aholographic mirror. If a monochrome image is desired, there may be asingle wavelength reflection design for the holographic pattern on thesurface of the combiner 602. If the intention is to have multiple colorsreflected from the surface of the combiner 602, a multiple wavelengthholographic mirror maybe included on the combiner surface. For example,in a three-color embodiment, where red, green and blue pixels aregenerated in the image light, the holographic mirror may be reflectiveto wavelengths substantially matching the wavelengths of the red, greenand blue light provided in the image light. This configuration can beused as a wavelength specific mirror where pre-determined wavelengths oflight from the image light are reflected to the user's eye. Thisconfiguration may also be made such that substantially all otherwavelengths in the visible pass through the combiner element 602 so theuser has a substantially clear view of the environmental surroundingswhen looking through the combiner element 602. The transparency betweenthe user's eye and the surrounding may be approximately 80% when using acombiner that is a holographic mirror. Wherein holographic mirrors canbe made using lasers to produce interference patterns in the holographicmaterial of the combiner where the wavelengths of the lasers correspondto the wavelengths of light that are subsequently reflected by theholographic mirror.

In another embodiment, the combiner element 602 may include a notchmirror comprised of a multilayer coated substrate wherein the coating isdesigned to substantially reflect the wavelengths of light provided inthe image light by the light source and substantially transmit theremaining wavelengths in the visible spectrum. For example, in the casewhere red, green and blue light is provided by the light source in theupper optics to enable full color images to be provided to the user, thenotch mirror is a tristimulus notch mirror wherein the multilayercoating is designed to substantially reflect narrow bands of red, greenand blue light that are matched to the what is provided by the lightsource and the remaining visible wavelengths are substantiallytransmitted through the coating to enable a view of the environmentthrough the combiner. In another example where monochrome images areprovided to the user, the notch mirror is designed to reflect a singlenarrow band of light that is matched to the wavelength range of theimage light provided by the upper optics while transmitting theremaining visible wavelengths to enable a see-thru view of theenvironment. The combiner 602 with the notch mirror would operate, fromthe user's perspective, in a manner similar to the combiner thatincludes a holographic pattern on the combiner element 602. Thecombiner, with the tristimulus notch mirror, would reflect image lightassociated with pixels, to the eye because of the match between thereflective wavelengths of the notch mirror and the wavelengths or colorof the image light, and the wearer would simultaneously be able to seewith high clarity the environmental surroundings. The transparencybetween the user's eye and the surrounding may be approximately 80% whenusing the tristimulus notch mirror. In addition, the image provided withthe notch mirror combiner can provide higher contrast images than theholographic mirror combiner because the notch mirror acts in a purelyreflective manner compared to the holographic mirror which operatesthrough diffraction, and as such the notch mirror is subject to lessscattering of the imaging light by the combiner. In another embodiment,the combiner element 602 may include a simple partial mirror thatreflects a portion (e.g. 50%) of all wavelengths of light in thevisible.

Image light can escape through the combiner 602 and may produce faceglow from the optics shown in FIG. 3, as the escaping image light isgenerally directed downward onto the cheek of the user. When using aholographic mirror combiner or a tristimulus notch mirror combiner, theescaping light can be trapped to avoid face glow. In embodiments, if theimage light is polarized before the combiner, a linear polarizer can belaminated, or otherwise associated, to the combiner, with thetransmission axis of the polarizer oriented relative to the polarizedimage light so that any escaping image light is absorbed by thepolarizer. In embodiments, the image light would be polarized to provideS polarized light to the combiner for better reflection. As a result,the linear polarizer on the combiner would be oriented to absorb Spolarized light and pass P polarized light. This provides the preferredorientation of polarized sunglasses as well.

If the image light is unpolarized, a microlouvered film such as aprivacy filter can be used to absorb the escaping image light whileproviding the user with a see-thru view of the environment. In thiscase, the absorbance or transmittance of the microlouvered film isdependent on the angle of the light,. Where steep angle light isabsorbed and light at less of an angle is transmitted. For this reason,in an embodiment, the combiner with the microlouver film is angled atgreater than 45 degrees to the optical axis of the image light (e.g. thecombiner can be oriented at 50 degrees so the image light from the filelens is incident on the combiner at an oblique angle.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a combiner element 602 at variousangles when the combiner element 602 includes a holographic mirror.Normally, a mirrored surface reflects light at an angle equal to theangle that the light is incident to the mirrored surface. Typically,this necessitates that the combiner element be at 45 degrees, 602 a, ifthe light is presented vertically to the combiner so the light can bereflected horizontally towards the wearer's eye. In embodiments, theincident light can be presented at angles other than vertical to enablethe mirror surface to be oriented at other than 45 degrees, but in allcases wherein a mirrored surface is employed (including the tristimulusnotch mirror described previously), the incident angle equals thereflected angle. As a result, increasing the angle of the combiner 602 arequires that the incident image light be presented to the combiner 602a at a different angle which positions the upper optical module 202 tothe left of the combiner as shown in FIG. 4. In contrast, a holographicmirror combiner, included in embodiments, can be made such that light isreflected at a different angle from the angle that the light is incidentonto the holographic mirrored surface. This allows freedom to select theangle of the combiner element 602 b independent of the angle of theincident image light and the angle of the light reflected into thewearer's eye. In embodiments, the angle of the combiner element 602 b isgreater than 45 degrees (shown in FIG. 4) as this allows a morelaterally compact HWC design. The increased angle of the combinerelement 602 b decreases the front to back width of the lower opticalmodule 204 and may allow for a thinner HWC display (i.e. the furthestelement from the wearer's eye can be closer to the wearer's face).

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of a lower optical module 204. Inthis embodiment, polarized or unpolarized image light provided by theupper optical module 202, is directed into the lower optical module 204.The image light reflects off a partial mirror 804 (e.g. polarizedmirror, notch mirror, holographic mirror, etc.) and is directed toward acurved partially reflective mirror 802. The curved partial mirror 802then reflects the image light back towards the user's eye, which passesthrough the partial mirror 804. The user can also see through thepartial mirror 804 and the curved partial mirror 802 to see thesurrounding environment. As a result, the user perceives a combinedimage comprised of the displayed image light overlaid onto the see-thruview of the environment. In a preferred embodiment, the partial mirror804 and the curved partial mirror 802 are both non-polarizing so thatthe transmitted light from the surrounding environment is unpolarized sothat rainbow interference patterns are eliminated when looking atpolarized light in the environment such as provided by a computermonitor or in the reflected light from a lake.

While many of the embodiments of the present disclosure have beenreferred to as upper and lower modules containing certain opticalcomponents, it should be understood that the image light production andmanagement functions described in connection with the upper module maybe arranged to direct light in other directions (e.g. upward, sideward,etc.). In embodiments, it may be preferred to mount the upper module 202above the wearer's eye, in which case the image light would be directeddownward. In other embodiments it may be preferred to produce light fromthe side of the wearer's eye, or from below the wearer's eye. Inaddition, the lower optical module is generally configured to deliverthe image light to the wearer's eye and allow the wearer to see throughthe lower optical module, which may be accomplished through a variety ofoptical components.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the present disclosure where theupper optical module 202 is arranged to direct image light into a totalinternal reflection (TIR) waveguide 810. In this embodiment, the upperoptical module 202 is positioned above the wearer's eye 812 and thelight is directed horizontally into the TIR waveguide 810. The TIRwaveguide is designed to internally reflect the image light in a seriesof downward TIR reflections until it reaches the portion in front of thewearer's eye, where the light passes out of the TIR waveguide 812 in adirection toward the wearer's eye. In this embodiment, an outer shield814 may be positioned in front of the TIR waveguide 810.

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of the present disclosure where theupper optical module 202 is arranged to direct image light into a TIRwaveguide 818. In this embodiment, the upper optical module 202 isarranged on the side of the TIR waveguide 818. For example, the upperoptical module may be positioned in the arm or near the arm of the HWCwhen configured as a pair of head worn glasses. The TIR waveguide 818 isdesigned to internally reflect the image light in a series of TIRreflections until it reaches the portion in front of the wearer's eye,where the light passes out of the TIR waveguide 818 in a directiontoward the wearer's eye 812.

FIG. 8 illustrates yet further embodiments of the present disclosurewhere an upper optical module 202 directs polarized image light into anoptical guide 828 where the image light passes through a polarizedreflector 824, changes polarization state upon reflection of the opticalelement 822 which includes a ¼ wave film for example and then isreflected by the polarized reflector 824 towards the wearer's eye, dueto the change in polarization of the image light. The upper opticalmodule 202 may be positioned behind the optical guide 828 wherein theimage light is directed toward a mirror 820 that reflects the imagelight along the optical guide 828 and towards the polarized reflector824. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the upper optical module 202may direct the image light directly along the optical guide 828 andtowards the polarized reflector 824. It should be understood that thepresent disclosure comprises other optical arrangements intended todirect image light into the wearer's eye.

FIG. 9 illustrates a light source 1100 that may be used in associationwith the upper optics module 202. In embodiments, the light source 1100may provide light to a backlighting optical system that is associatedwith the light source 1100 and which serves to homogenize the light andthereby provide uniform illuminating light to an image source in theupper optics. In embodiments, the light source 1100 includes atristimulus notch filter 1102. The tristimulus notch filter 1102 hasnarrow band pass filters for three wavelengths, as indicated in FIG. 10bin a transmission graph 1108. The graph shown in FIG. 10 a, as 1104illustrates an output of three different colored LEDs. One can see thatthe bandwidths of emission are narrow, but they have long tails. Thetristimulus notch filter 1102 can be used in connection with such LEDsto provide a light source 1100 that emits narrow filtered wavelengths oflight as shown in FIG. 11 as the transmission graph 1110. Wherein theclipping effects of the tristimulus notch filter 1102 can be seen tohave cut the tails from the LED emission graph 1104 to provide narrowerwavelength bands of light to the upper optical module 202. The lightsource 1100 can be used in connection with a matched combiner 602 thatincludes a holographic mirror or tristimulus notch mirror thatsubstantially reflects the narrow bands of image light toward thewearer's eye with a reduced amount of image light that does not getreflected by the combiner, thereby improving efficiency of the head-worncomputer (HWC) or head-mounted display (HMD) and reducing escaping lightthat can cause faceglow.

FIG. 12a illustrates another light source 1200 that may be used inassociation with the upper optics module 202. In embodiments, the lightsource 1200 may provide light to a backlighting optical system thathomogenizes the light prior to illuminating the image source in theupper optics as described previously herein. In embodiments, the lightsource 1200 includes a quantum dot cover glass 1202. Where the quantumdots absorb light of a shorter wavelength and emit light of a longerwavelength (FIG. 12b shows an example wherein a UV spectrum 1202 appliedto a quantum dot results in the quantum dot emitting a narrow band shownas a PL spectrum 1204) that is dependent on the material makeup and sizeof the quantum dot. As a result, quantum dots in the quantum dot coverglass 1202 can be tailored to provide one or more bands of narrowbandwidth light (e.g. red, green and blue emissions dependent on thedifferent quantum dots included as illustrated in the graph shown inFIG. 12c where three different quantum dots are used. In embodiments,the LED driver light emits UV light, deep blue or blue light. Forsequential illumination of different colors, multiple light sources 1200would be used where each light source 1200 would include a quantum dotcover glass 1202 with at least one type of quantum dot selected to emitat one of each of the desired colors. The light source 1100 can be usedin connection with a combiner 602 with a holographic mirror ortristimulus notch mirror to provide narrow bands of image light that arereflected toward the wearer's eye with less wasted image light that doesnot get reflected.

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to the generation ofperipheral image lighting effects for a person wearing a HWC. Inembodiments, a solid state lighting system (e.g. LED, OLED, etc), orother lighting system, may be included inside the optical elements of anlower optical module 204. The solid state lighting system may bearranged such that lighting effects outside of a field of view (FOV)associated with displayed digital content is presented to create animmersive effect for the person wearing the HWC. To this end, thelighting effects may be presented to any portion of the HWC that isvisible to the wearer. The solid state lighting system may be digitallycontrolled by an integrated processor on the HWC. In embodiments, theintegrated processor will control the lighting effects in coordinationwith digital content that is presented within the FOV of the HWC. Forexample, a movie, picture, game, or other content, may be displayed orplaying within the FOV of the HWC. The content may show a bomb blast onthe right side of the FOV and at the same moment, the solid statelighting system inside of the upper module optics may flash quickly inconcert with the FOV image effect. The effect may not be fast, it may bemore persistent to indicate, for example, a general glow or color on oneside of the user. The solid state lighting system may be colorcontrolled, with red, green and blue LEDs, for example, such that colorcontrol can be coordinated with the digitally presented content withinthe field of view.

FIG. 13a illustrates optical components of a lower optical module 204together with an outer lens 1302. FIG. 13a also shows an embodimentincluding effects LED's 1308 a and 1308 b. FIG. 13a illustrates imagelight 1312, as described herein elsewhere, directed into the upperoptical module where it will reflect off of the combiner element 1304,as described herein elsewhere. The combiner element 1304 in thisembodiment is angled towards the wearer's eye at the top of the moduleand away from the wearer's eye at the bottom of the module, as alsoillustrated and described in connection with FIG. 8 (e.g. at a 45 degreeangle). The image light 1312 provided by an upper optical module 202(not shown in FIG. 13a ) reflects off of the combiner element 1304towards the collimating mirror 1310, away from the wearer's eye, asdescribed herein elsewhere. The image light 1312 then reflects andfocuses off of the collimating mirror 1304, passes back through thecombiner element 1304, and is directed into the wearer's eye. The wearercan also view the surrounding environment through the transparency ofthe combiner element 1304, collimating mirror 1310, and outer lens 1302(if it is included). As described herein elsewhere, the image light mayor may not be polarized and the see-through view of the surroundingenvironment is preferably non-polarized to provide a view of thesurrounding environment that does not include rainbow interferencepatterns if the light from the surrounding environment is polarized suchas from a computer monitor or reflections from a lake. The wearer willgenerally perceive that the image light forms an image in the FOV 1305.In embodiments, the outer lens 1302 may be included. The outer lens 1302is an outer lens that may or may not be corrective and it may bedesigned to conceal the lower optical module components in an effort tomake the HWC appear to be in a form similar to standard glasses orsunglasses.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 13 a, the effects LEDs 1308 a and1308 b are positioned at the sides of the combiner element 1304 and theouter lens 1302 and/or the collimating mirror 1310. In embodiments, theeffects LEDs 1308 a are positioned within the confines defined by thecombiner element 1304 and the outer lens 1302 and/or the collimatingmirror. The effects LEDs 1308 a and 1308 b are also positioned outsideof the FOV 1305 associated with the displayed digital content. In thisarrangement, the effects LEDs 1308 a and 1308 b can provide lightingeffects within the lower optical module outside of the FOV 1305. Inembodiments the light emitted from the effects LEDs 1308 a and 1308 bmay be polarized and the outer lens 1302 may include a polarizer suchthat the light from the effects LEDs 1308 a and 1308 b will pass throughthe combiner element 1304 toward the wearer's eye and will be absorbedby the outer lens 1302. This arrangement provides peripheral lightingeffects to the wearer in a more private setting by not transmitting thelighting effects through the front of the HWC into the surroundingenvironment. However, in other embodiments, the effects LEDs 1308 a and1308 b may be non-polarized so the lighting effects provided are made tobe purposefully viewable by others in the environment for entertainmentsuch as giving the effect of the wearer's eye glowing in correspondenceto the image content being viewed by the wearer.

FIG. 13b illustrates a cross section of the embodiment described inconnection with FIG. 13 a. As illustrated, the effects LED 1308 a islocated in the upper-front area inside of the optical components of thelower optical module. It should be understood that the effects LED 1308a position in the described embodiments is only illustrative andalternate placements are encompassed by the present disclosure.Additionally, in embodiments, there may be one or more effects LEDs 1308a in each of the two sides of HWC to provide peripheral lighting effectsnear one or both eyes of the wearer.

FIG. 13c illustrates an embodiment where the combiner element 1304 isangled away from the eye at the top and towards the eye at the bottom(e.g. in accordance with the holographic or notch filter embodimentsdescribed herein). In this embodiment, the effects LED 1308 a may belocated on the outer lens 1302 side of the combiner element 1304 toprovide a concealed appearance of the lighting effects. As with otherembodiments, the effects LED 1308 a of FIG. 13c may include a polarizersuch that the emitted light can pass through a polarized elementassociated with the combiner element 1304 and be blocked by a polarizedelement associated with the outer lens 1302. Alternatively the effectsLED 13087 a can be configured such that at least a portion of the lightis reflected away from the wearer's eye so that it is visible to peoplein the surrounding environment. This can be accomplished for example byusing a combiner 1304 that is a simple partial mirror so that a portionof the image light 1312 is reflected toward the wearer's eye and a firstportion of the light from the effects LED 13087 a is transmitted towardthe wearer's eye and a second portion of the light from the effects LED1308 a is reflected outward toward the surrounding environment.

FIGS. 14 a, 14 b, 14 c and 14 d show illustrations of a HWC thatincludes eye covers 1402 to restrict loss of image light to thesurrounding environment and to restrict the ingress of stray light fromthe environment. Where the eye covers 1402 can be removably attached tothe HWC with magnets 1404. Another aspect of the present disclosurerelates to automatically configuring the lighting system(s) used in theHWC 102. In embodiments, the display lighting and/or effects lighting,as described herein, may be controlled in a manner suitable for when aneye cover 1402 is attached or removed from the HWC 102. For example, atnight, when the light in the environment is low, the lighting system(s)in the HWC may go into a low light mode to further control any amountsof stray light escaping from the HWC and the areas around the HWC.Covert operations at night, while using night vision or standard vision,may require a solution which prevents as much escaping light as possibleso a user may clip on the eye cover(s) 1402 and then the HWC may go intoa low light mode. The low light mode may, in some embodiments, only gointo a low light mode when the eye cover 1402 is attached if the HWCidentifies that the environment is in low light conditions (e.g. throughenvironment light level sensor detection). In embodiments, the low lightlevel may be determined to be at an intermediate point between full andlow light dependent on environmental conditions.

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to automaticallycontrolling the type of content displayed in the HWC when eye covers1402 are attached or removed from the HWC. In embodiments, when the eyecover(s) 1402 is attached to the HWC, the displayed content may berestricted in amount or in color amounts. For example, the display(s)may go into a simple content delivery mode to restrict the amount ofinformation displayed. This may be done to reduce the amount of lightproduced by the display(s). In an embodiment, the display(s) may changefrom color displays to monochrome displays to reduce the amount of lightproduced. In an embodiment, the monochrome lighting may be red to limitthe impact on the wearer's eyes to maintain an ability to see better inthe dark.

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a system adapted toquickly convert from a see-through system to a non-see-through or verylow transmission see-through system for a more immersive userexperience. The conversion system may include replaceable lenses, an eyecover, and optics adapted to provide user experiences in both modes. Theouter lenses, for example, may be ‘blacked-out’ with an opaque cover1412 to provide an experience where all of the user's attention isdedicated to the digital content and then the outer lenses may beswitched out for high see-through lenses so the digital content isaugmenting the user's view of the surrounding environment. Anotheraspect of the disclosure relates to low transmission outer lenses thatpermit the user to see through the outer lenses but remain dark enoughto maintain most of the user's attention on the digital content. Theslight see-through can provide the user with a visual connection to thesurrounding environment and this can reduce or eliminate nausea andother problems associated with total removal of the surrounding viewwhen viewing digital content.

FIG. 14d illustrates a head-worn computer system 102 with a see-throughdigital content display 204 adapted to include a removable outer lens1414 and a removable eye cover 1402. The eye cover 1402 may be attachedto the head-worn computer 102 with magnets 1404 or other attachmentsystems (e.g. mechanical attachments, a snug friction fit between thearms of the head-worn computer 102, etc.). The eye cover 1402 may beattached when the user wants to cut stray light from escaping theconfines of the head-worn computer, create a more immersive experienceby removing the otherwise viewable peripheral view of the surroundingenvironment, etc. The removable outer lens 1414 may be of severalvarieties for various experiences. It may have no transmission or a verylow transmission to create a dark background for the digital content,creating an immersive experience for the digital content. It may have ahigh transmission so the user can see through the see-through displayand the outer lens 1414 to view the surrounding environment, creating asystem for a heads-up display, augmented reality display, assistedreality display, etc. The outer lens 1414 may be dark in a middleportion to provide a dark background for the digital content (i.e. darkbackdrop behind the see-through field of view from the user'sperspective) and a higher transmission area elsewhere. The outer lenses1414 may have a transmission in the range of 2 to 5%, 5 to 10%, 10 to20% for the immersion effect and above 10% or 20% for the augmentedreality effect, for example. The outer lenses 1414 may also have anadjustable transmission to facilitate the change in system effect. Forexample, the outer lenses 1414 may be electronically adjustable tintlenses (e.g. liquid crystal or have crossed polarizers with anadjustment for the level of cross).

In embodiments, the eye cover 1402 may have areas of transparency orpartial transparency to provide some visual connection with the user'ssurrounding environment. This may also reduce or eliminate nausea orother feelings associated with the complete removal of the view of thesurrounding environment.

FIG. 14e illustrates a HWC 102 assembled with an eye cover 1402 withoutouter lenses in place. The outer lenses, in embodiments, may be held inplace with magnets 1418 for ease of removal and replacement. Inembodiments, the outer lenses may be held in place with other systems,such as mechanical systems.

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to an effects systemthat generates effects outside of the field of view in the see-throughdisplay of the head-worn computer. The effects may be, for example,lighting effects, sound effects, tactile effects (e.g. throughvibration), air movement effects, etc. In embodiments, the effectgeneration system is mounted on the eye cover 1402. For example, alighting system (e.g. LED(s), OLEDs, etc.) may be mounted on an insidesurface 1420, or exposed through the inside surface 1420, as illustratedin FIG. 14 f, such that they can create a lighting effect (e.g. a brightlight, colored light, subtle color effect) in coordination with contentbeing displayed in the field of view of the see-through display. Thecontent may be a movie or a game, for example, and an explosion mayhappen on the right side of the content, as scripted, and matching thecontent, a bright flash may be generated by the effects lighting systemto create a stronger effect. As another example, the effects system mayinclude a vibratory system mounted near the sides or temples, orotherwise, and when the same explosion occurs, the vibratory system maygenerate a vibration on the right side to increase the user experienceindicating that the explosion had a real sound wave creating thevibration. As yet a further example, the effects system may have an airsystem where the effect is a puff of air blown onto the user's face.This may create a feeling of closeness with some fast moving object inthe content. The effects system may also have speakers directed towardsthe user's ears or an attachment for ear buds, etc.

In embodiments, the effects generated by the effects system may bescripted by an author to coordinate with the content. In embodiments,sensors may be placed inside of the eye cover to monitor content effects(e.g. a light sensor to measure strong lighting effects or peripherallighting effects) that would than cause an effect(s) to be generated.

The effects system in the eye cover may be powered by an internalbattery and the battery, in embodiments, may also provide additionalpower to the head-worn computer 102 as a back-up system. In embodiments,the effects system is powered by the batteries in the head-worncomputer. Power may be delivered through the attachment system (e.g.magnets, mechanical system) or a dedicated power system.

The effects system may receive data and/or commands from the head-worncomputer through a data connection that is wired or wireless. The datamay come through the attachment system, a separate line, or throughBluetooth or other short range communication protocol, for example.

In embodiments, the eye cover 1402 is made of reticulated foam, which isvery light and can contour to the user's face. The reticulated foam alsoallows air to circulate because of the open-celled nature of thematerial, which can reduce user fatigue and increase user comfort. Theeye cover 1402 may be made of other materials, soft, stiff, priable,etc. and may have another material on the periphery that contacts theface for comfort. In embodiments, the eye cover 1402 may include a fanto exchange air between an external environment and an internal space,where the internal space is defined in part by the face of the user. Thefan may operate very slowly and at low power to exchange the air to keepthe face of the user cool. In embodiments the fan may have a variablespeed controller and/or a temperature sensor may be positioned tomeasure temperature in the internal space to control the temperature inthe internal space to a specified range, temperature, etc. The internalspace is generally characterized by the space confined space in front ofthe user's eyes and upper cheeks where the eye cover encloses the area.

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to flexibly mounting anaudio headset on the head-worn computer 102 and/or the eye cover 1402.In embodiments, the audio headset is mounted with a relatively rigidsystem that has flexible joint(s) (e.g. a rotational joint at theconnection with the eye cover, a rotational joint in the middle of arigid arm, etc.) and extension(s) (e.g. a telescopic arm) to provide theuser with adjustability to allow for a comfortable fit over, in oraround the user's ear. In embodiments, the audio headset is mounted witha flexible system that is more flexible throughout, such as with awire-based connection.

FIG. 14g illustrates a head-worn computer 102 with removable lenses 1414along with a mounted eye cover 1402. The head-worn computer, inembodiments, includes a see-through display (as disclosed herein). Theeye cover 1402 also includes a mounted audio headset 1422. The mountedaudio headset 1422 in this embodiment is mounted to the eye cover 1402and has audio wire connections (not shown). In embodiments, the audiowires' connections may connect to an internal wireless communicationsystem (e.g. Bluetooth, NFC, WiFi) to make connection to the processorin the head-worn computer. In embodiments, the audio wires may connectto a magnetic connector, mechanical connector or the like to make theconnection.

FIG. 14h illustrates an unmounted eye cover 1402 with a mounted audioheadset 1422. As illustrated, the mechanical design of the eye cover isadapted to fit onto the head-worn computer to provide visual isolationor partial isolation and the audio headset.

In embodiments, the eye cover 1402 may be adapted to be removablymounted on a head-worn computer 102 with a see-through computer display.An audio headset 1422 with an adjustable mount may be connected to theeye cover, wherein the adjustable mount may provide extension androtation to provide a user of the head-worn computer with a mechanism toalign the audio headset with an ear of the user. In embodiments, theaudio headset includes an audio wire connected to a connector on the eyecover and the eye cover connector may be adapted to removably mate witha connector on the head-worn computer. In embodiments, the audio headsetmay be adapted to receive audio signals from the head-worn computer 102through a wireless connection (e.g. Bluetooth, WiFi). As describedelsewhere herein, the head-worn computer 102 may have a removable andreplaceable front lens 1414. The eye cover 1402 may include a battery topower systems internal to the eye cover 1402. The eye cover 1402 mayhave a battery to power systems internal to the head-worn computer 102.

In embodiments, the eye cover 1402 may include a fan adapted to exchangeair between an internal space, defined in part by the user's face, andan external environment to cool the air in the internal space and theuser's face. In embodiments, the audio headset 1422 may include avibratory system (e.g. a vibration motor, piezo motor, etc. in thearmature and/or in the section over the ear) adapted to provide the userwith a haptic feedback coordinated with digital content presented in thesee-through computer display. In embodiments, the head-worn computer 102includes a vibratory system adapted to provide the user with a hapticfeedback coordinated with digital content presented in the see-throughcomputer display.

In embodiments, the eye cover 1402 is adapted to be removably mounted ona head-worn computer with a see-through computer display. The eye cover1402 may also include a flexible audio headset mounted to the eye cover1402, wherein the flexibility provides the user of the head-worncomputer 102 with a mechanism to align the audio headset with an ear ofthe user. In embodiments, the flexible audio headset is mounted to theeye cover 1402 with a magnetic connection. In embodiments, the flexibleaudio headset may be mounted to the eye cover 1402 with a mechanicalconnection.

In embodiments, the audio headset 1422 may be spring or otherwise loadedsuch that the head set presses inward towards the user's ears for a moresecure fit.

Referring to FIG. 15, we now turn to describe a particular external userinterface 104, referred to generally as a pen 1500. The pen 1500 is aspecially designed external user interface 104 and can operate as a userinterface, to many different styles of HWC 102. The pen 1500 generallyfollows the form of a conventional pen, which is a familiar user handleddevice and creates an intuitive physical interface for many of theoperations to be carried out in the HWC system 100. The pen 1500 may beone of several user interfaces 104 used in connection with controllingoperations within the HWC system 100. For example, the HWC 102 may watchfor and interpret hand gestures 116 as control signals, where the pen1500 may also be used as a user interface with the same HWC 102.Similarly, a remote keyboard may be used as an external user interface104 in concert with the pen 1500. The combination of user interfaces orthe use of just one control system generally depends on the operation(s)being executed in the HWC's system 100.

While the pen 1500 may follow the general form of a conventional pen, itcontains numerous technologies that enable it to function as an externaluser interface 104. FIG. 15 illustrates technologies comprised in thepen 1500. As can be seen, the pen 1500 may include a camera 1508, whichis arranged to view through lens 1502. The camera may then be focused,such as through lens 1502, to image a surface upon which a user iswriting or making other movements to interact with the HWC 102. Thereare situations where the pen 1500 will also have an ink, graphite, orother system such that what is being written can be seen on the writingsurface. There are other situations where the pen 1500 does not havesuch a physical writing system so there is no deposit on the writingsurface, where the pen would only be communicating data or commands tothe HWC 102. The lens 1502 configuration is described in greater detailherein. The function of the camera 1508 is to capture information froman unstructured writing surface such that pen strokes can be interpretedas intended by the user. To assist in the predication of the intendedstroke path, the pen 1500 may include a sensor, such as an IMU 1512. Ofcourse, the IMU could be included in the pen 1500 in its separate parts(e.g. gyro, accelerometer, etc.) or an IMU could be included as a singleunit. In this instance, the IMU 1512 is used to measure and predict themotion of the pen 1500. In turn, the integrated microprocessor 1510would take the IMU information and camera information as inputs andprocess the information to form a prediction of the pen tip movement.

The pen 1500 may also include a pressure monitoring system 1504, such asto measure the pressure exerted on the lens 1502. As will be describedin greater detail herein, the pressure measurement can be used topredict the user's intention for changing the weight of a line, type ofa line, type of brush, click, double click, and the like. Inembodiments, the pressure sensor may be constructed using any force orpressure measurement sensor located behind the lens 1502, including forexample, a resistive sensor, a current sensor, a capacitive sensor, avoltage sensor such as a piezoelectric sensor, and the like.

The pen 1500 may also include a communications module 1518, such as forbi-directional communication with the HWC 102. In embodiments, thecommunications module 1518 may be a short distance communication module(e.g. Bluetooth). The communications module 1518 may be security matchedto the HWC 102. The communications module 1518 may be arranged tocommunicate data and commands to and from the microprocessor 1510 of thepen 1500. The microprocessor 1510 may be programmed to interpret datagenerated from the camera 1508, IMU 1512, and pressure sensor 1504, andthe like, and then pass a command onto the HWC 102 through thecommunications module 1518, for example. In another embodiment, the datacollected from any of the input sources (e.g. camera 1508, IMU 1512,pressure sensor 1504) by the microprocessor may be communicated by thecommunication module 1518 to the HWC 102, and the HWC 102 may performdata processing and prediction of the user's intention when using thepen 1500. In yet another embodiment, the data may be further passed onthrough a network 110 to a remote device 112, such as a server, for thedata processing and prediction. The commands may then be communicatedback to the HWC 102 for execution (e.g. display writing in the glassesdisplay, make a selection within the UI of the glasses display, controla remote external device 112, control a local external device 108), andthe like. The pen may also include memory 1514 for long or short termuses.

The pen 1500 may also include a number of physical user interfaces, suchas quick launch buttons 1522, a touch sensor 1520, and the like. Thequick launch buttons 1522 may be adapted to provide the user with a fastway of jumping to a software application in the HWC system 100. Forexample, the user may be a frequent user of communication softwarepackages (e.g. email, text, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Google+, andthe like), and the user may program a quick launch button 1522 tocommand the HWC 102 to launch an application. The pen 1500 may beprovided with several quick launch buttons 1522, which may be userprogrammable or factory programmable. The quick launch button 1522 maybe programmed to perform an operation. For example, one of the buttonsmay be programmed to clear the digital display of the HWC 102. Thiswould create a fast way for the user to clear the screens on the HWC 102for any reason, such as for example to better view the environment. Thequick launch button functionality will be discussed in further detailbelow. The touch sensor 1520 may be used to take gesture style inputfrom the user. For example, the user may be able to take a single fingerand run it across the touch sensor 1520 to affect a page scroll.

The pen 1500 may also include a laser pointer 1524. The laser pointer1524 may be coordinated with the IMU 1512 to coordinate gestures andlaser pointing. For example, a user may use the laser 1524 in apresentation to help with guiding the audience with the interpretationof graphics and the IMU 1512 may, either simultaneously or when thelaser 1524 is off, interpret the user's gestures as commands or datainput.

FIG. 16 illustrates yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG. 16 illustrates a watchband clip-on controller 2000. The watchbandclip-on controller may be a controller used to control the HWC 102 ordevices in the HWC system 100. The watchband clip-on controller 2000 hasa fastener 2018 (e.g. rotatable clip) that is mechanically adapted toattach to a watchband, as illustrated at 2004.

The watchband controller 2000 may have quick launch interfaces 2008(e.g. to launch applications and choosers as described herein), a touchpad 2014 (e.g. to be used as a touch style mouse for GUI control in aHWC 102 display) and a display 2012. The clip 2018 may be adapted to fita wide range of watchbands so it can be used in connection with a watchthat is independently selected for its function. The clip, inembodiments, is rotatable such that a user can position it in adesirable manner. In embodiments the clip may be a flexible strap. Inembodiments, the flexible strap may be adapted to be stretched to attachto a hand, wrist, finger, device, weapon, and the like.

In embodiments, the watchband controller may be configured as aremovable and replacable watchband. For example, the controller may beincorporated into a band with a certain width, segment spacing's, etc.such that the watchband, with its incorporated controller, can beattached to a watch body. The attachment, in embodiments, may bemechanically adapted to attach with a pin upon which the watchbandrotates. In embodiments, the watchband controller may be electricallyconnected to the watch and/or watch body such that the watch, watch bodyand/or the watchband controller can communicate data between them.

The watchband controller 2000 may have 3-axis motion monitoring (e.g.through an IMU, accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, etc.) tocapture user motion. The user motion may then be interpreted for gesturecontrol.

In embodiments, the watchband controller 2000 may comprise fitnesssensors and a fitness computer. The sensors may track heart rate,calories burned, strides, distance covered, and the like. The data maythen be compared against performance goals and/or standards for userfeedback.

In embodiments directed to capturing images of the wearer's eye, lightto illuminate the wearer's eye can be provided by several differentsources including: light from the displayed image (i.e. image light);light from the environment that passes through the combiner or otheroptics; light provided by a dedicated eye light, etc. FIGS. 17 and 18show illustrations of dedicated eye illumination lights 3420. FIG. 17shows an illustration from a side view in which the dedicatedillumination eye light 3420 is positioned at a corner of the combiner3410 so that it doesn't interfere with the image light 3415. Thededicated eye illumination light 3420 is pointed so that the eyeillumination light 3425 illuminates the eyebox 3427 where the eye 3430is located when the wearer is viewing displayed images provided by theimage light 3415. FIG. 18 shows an illustration from the perspective ofthe eye of the wearer to show how the dedicated eye illumination light3420 is positioned at the corner of the combiner 3410. While thededicated eye illumination light 3420 is shown at the upper left cornerof the combiner 3410, other positions along one of the edges of thecombiner 3410, or other optical or mechanical components, are possibleas well. In other embodiments, more than one dedicated eye light 3420with different positions can be used. In an embodiment, the dedicatedeye light 3420 is an infrared light that is not visible by the wearer(e.g. 800 nm) so that the eye illumination light 3425 doesn't interferewith the displayed image perceived by the wearer.

In embodiments, the eye imaging camera is inline with the image lightoptical path, or part of the image light optical path. For example, theeye camera may be positioned in the upper module to capture eye imagelight that reflects back through the optical system towards the imagedisplay. The eye image light may be captured after reflecting off of theimage source (e.g. in a DLP configuration where the mirrors can bepositioned to reflect the light towards the eye image light camera), apartially reflective surface may be placed along the image light opticalpath such that when the eye image light reflects back into the upper orlower module that it is reflected in a direction that the eye imagingcamera can capture light eye image light. In other embodiments, the eyeimage light camera is positioned outside of the image light opticalpath. For example, the camera(s) may be positioned near the outer lensof the platform.

FIG. 19 shows a series of illustrations of captured eye images that showthe eye glint (i.e. light that reflects off the front of the eye)produced by a dedicated eye light mounted adjacent to the combiner aspreviously described herein. In this embodiment of the disclosure,captured images of the wearer's eye are analyzed to determine therelative positions of the iris 3550, pupil, or other portion of the eye,and the eye glint 3560. The eye glint is a reflected image of thededicated eye light 3420 when the dedicated light is used. FIG. 19illustrates the relative positions of the iris 3550 and the eye glint3560 fora variety of eye positions. By providing a dedicated eye light3420 in a fixed position, combined with the fact that the human eye isessentially spherical, or at least a reliably repeatable shape, the eyeglint provides a fixed reference point against which the determinedposition of the iris can be compared to determine where the wearer islooking, either within the displayed image or within the see-throughview of the surrounding environment. By positioning the dedicated eyelight 3420 at a corner of the combiner 3410, the eye glint 3560 isformed away from the iris 3550 in the captured images. As a result, thepositions of the iris and the eye glint can be determined more easilyand more accurately during the analysis of the captured images, sincethey do not interfere with one another. In a further embodiment, thecombiner includes an associated cut filter that prevents infrared lightfrom the environment from entering the HWC and the eye camera is aninfrared camera, so that the eye glint 3560 is only provided by lightfrom the dedicated eye light. For example, the combiner can include alow pass filter that passes visible light while reflecting infraredlight from the environment away from the eye camera, reflecting infraredlight from the dedicated eye light toward the user's eye and the eyecamera can include a high pass filter that absorbs visible lightassociated with the displayed image while passing infrared lightassociated with the eye image.

In an embodiment of the eye imaging system, the lens for the eye camerais designed to take into account the optics associated with the uppermodule 202 and the lower module 204. This is accomplished by designingthe eye camera to include the optics in the upper module 202 and opticsin the lower module 204, so that a high MTF image is produced, at theimage sensor in the eye camera, of the wearer's eye. In yet a furtherembodiment, the eye camera lens is provided with a large depth of fieldto eliminate the need for focusing the eye camera to enable sharp imagesof the eye to be captured. Where a large depth of field is typicallyprovided by a high f/# lens (e.g. f/# >5). In this case, the reducedlight gathering associated with high f/# lenses is compensated by theinclusion of a dedicated eye light to enable a bright image of the eyeto be captured. Further, the brightness of the dedicated eye light canbe modulated and synchronized with the capture of eye images so that thededicated eye light has a reduced duty cycle and the brightness ofinfrared light on the wearer's eye is reduced.

In a further embodiment, FIG. 20a shows an illustration of an eye imagethat is used to identify the wearer of the HWC. In this case, an imageof the wearer's eye 3611 is captured and analyzed for patterns ofidentifiable features 3612. The patterns are then compared to a databaseof eye images to determine the identity of the wearer. After theidentity of the wearer has been verified, the operating mode of the HWCand the types of images, applications, and information to be displayedcan be adjusted and controlled in correspondence to the determinedidentity of the wearer. Examples of adjustments to the operating modedepending on who the wearer is determined to be or not be include:making different operating modes or feature sets available, shuttingdown or sending a message to an external network, allowing guestfeatures and applications to run, etc.

FIG. 20b is an illustration of another embodiment using eye imaging, inwhich the sharpness of the displayed image is determined based on theeye glint produced by the reflection of the displayed image from thewearer's eye surface. By capturing images of the wearer's eye 3611, aneye glint 3622, which is a small version of the displayed image can becaptured and analyzed for sharpness. If the displayed image isdetermined to not be sharp, then an automated adjustment to the focus ofthe HWC optics can be performed to improve the sharpness. This abilityto perform a measurement of the sharpness of a displayed image at thesurface of the wearer's eye can provide a very accurate measurement ofimage quality. Having the ability to measure and automatically adjustthe focus of displayed images can be very useful in augmented realityimaging where the focus distance of the displayed image can be varied inresponse to changes in the environment or changes in the method of useby the wearer.

An aspect of the present disclosure relates to controlling the HWC 102through interpretations of eye imagery. In embodiments, eye-imagingtechnologies, such as those described herein, are used to capture an eyeimage or a series of eye images for processing. The image(s) may beprocessed to determine a user intended action, an HWC predeterminedreaction, or other action. For example, the imagery may be interpretedas an affirmative user control action for an application on the HWC 102.Or, the imagery may cause, for example, the HWC 102 to react in apre-determined way such that the HWC 102 is operating safely,intuitively, etc.

FIG. 21 illustrates an eye imagery process that involves imaging the HWC102 wearer's eye(s) and processing the images (e.g. through eye imagingtechnologies described herein) to determine in what position 3702 theeye is relative to it's neutral or forward looking position and/or theFOV 3708. The process may involve a calibration step where the user isinstructed, through guidance provided in the FOV of the HWC 102, to lookin certain directions such that a more accurate prediction of the eyeposition relative to areas of the FOV can be made. In the event thewearer's eye is determined to be looking towards the right side of theFOV 3708 (as illustrated in FIG. 21, the eye is looking out of the page)a virtual target line may be established to project what in theenvironment the wearer may be looking towards or at. The virtual targetline may be used in connection with an image captured by camera on theHWC 102 that images the surrounding environment in front of the wearer.In embodiments, the field of view of the camera capturing thesurrounding environment matches, or can be matched (e.g. digitally), tothe FOV 3708 such that making the comparison is made more clear. Forexample, with the camera capturing the image of the surroundings in anangle that matches the FOV 3708 the virtual line can be processed (e.g.in 2d or 3d, depending on the camera images capabilities and/or theprocessing of the images) by projecting what surrounding environmentobjects align with the virtual target line. In the event there aremultiple objects along the virtual target line, focal planes may beestablished corresponding to each of the objects such that digitalcontent may be placed in an area in the FOV 3708 that aligns with thevirtual target line and falls at a focal plane of an intersectingobject. The user then may see the digital content when he focuses on theobject in the environment, which is at the same focal plane. Inembodiments, objects in line with the virtual target line may beestablished by comparison to mapped information of the surroundings.

In embodiments, the digital content that is in line with the virtualtarget line may not be displayed in the FOV until the eye position is inthe right position. This may be a predetermined process. For example,the system may be set up such that a particular piece of digital content(e.g. an advertisement, guidance information, object information, etc.)will appear in the event that the wearer looks at a certain object(s) inthe environment. A virtual target line(s) may be developed thatvirtually connects the wearer's eye with an object(s) in the environment(e.g. a building, portion of a building, mark on a building, gpslocation, etc.) and the virtual target line may be continually updateddepending on the position and viewing direction of the wearer (e.g. asdetermined through GPS, e-compass, IMU, etc.) and the position of theobject. When the virtual target line suggests that the wearer's pupil issubstantially aligned with the virtual target line or about to bealigned with the virtual target line, the digital content may bedisplayed in the FOV 3704.

In embodiments, the time spent looking along the virtual target lineand/or a particular portion of the FOV 3708 may indicate that the weareris interested in an object in the environment and/or digital contentbeing displayed. In the event there is no digital content beingdisplayed at the time a predetermined period of time is spent looking ata direction, digital content may be presented in the area of the FOV3708. The time spent looking at an object may be interpreted as acommand to display information about the object, for example. In otherembodiments, the content may not relate to the object and may bepresented because of the indication that the person is relativelyinactive. In embodiments, the digital content may be positioned inproximity to the virtual target line, but not in-line with it such thatthe wearer's view of the surroundings are not obstructed but informationcan augment the wearer's view of the surroundings. In embodiments, thetime spent looking along a target line in the direction of displayeddigital content may be an indication of interest in the digital content.This may be used as a conversion event in advertising. For example, anadvertiser may pay more for an add placement if the wearer of the HWC102 looks at a displayed advertisement for a certain period of time. Assuch, in embodiments, the time spent looking at the advertisement, asassessed by comparing eye position with the content placement, targetline or other appropriate position may be used to determine a rate ofconversion or other compensation amount due for the presentation.

An aspect of the disclosure relates to removing content from the FOV ofthe HWC 102 when the wearer of the HWC 102 apparently wants to view thesurrounding environments clearly. FIG. 22 illustrates a situation whereeye imagery suggests that the eye has or is moving quickly so thedigital content 3804 in the FOV 3808 is removed from the FOV 3808. Inthis example, the wearer may be looking quickly to the side indicatingthat there is something on the side in the environment that has grabbedthe wearer's attention. This eye movement 3802 may be captured througheye imaging techniques (e.g. as described herein) and if the movementmatches a predetermined movement (e.g. speed, rate, pattern, etc.) thecontent may be removed from view. In embodiments, the eye movement isused as one input and HWC movements indicated by other sensors (e.g. IMUin the HWC) may be used as another indication. These various sensormovements may be used together to project an event that should cause achange in the content being displayed in the FOV.

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to determining a focalplane based on the wearer's eye convergence. Eyes are generallyconverged slightly and converge more when the person focuses onsomething very close. This is generally referred to as convergence. Inembodiments, convergence is calibrated for the wearer. That is, thewearer may be guided through certain focal plane exercises to determinehow much the wearer's eyes converge at various focal planes and atvarious viewing angles. The convergence information may then be storedin a database for later reference. In embodiments, a general table maybe used in the event there is no calibration step or the person skipsthe calibration step. The two eyes may then be imaged periodically todetermine the convergence in an attempt to understand what focal planethe wearer is focused on. In embodiments, the eyes may be imaged todetermine a virtual target line and then the eye's convergence may bedetermined to establish the wearer's focus, and the digital content maybe displayed or altered based thereon.

FIG. 23 illustrates a situation where digital content is moved 3902within one or both of the FOVs 3908 and 3910 to align with theconvergence of the eyes as determined by the pupil movement 3904. Bymoving the digital content to maintain alignment, in embodiments, theoverlapping nature of the content is maintained so the object appearsproperly to the wearer. This can be important in situations where 3Dcontent is displayed.

An aspect of the present disclosure relates to controlling the HWC 102based on events detected through eye imaging. A wearer winking,blinking, moving his eyes in a certain pattern, etc. may, for example,control an application of the HWC 102. Eye imaging (e.g. as describedherein) may be used to monitor the eye(s) of the wearer and once apre-determined pattern is detected an application control command may beinitiated.

An aspect of the disclosure relates to monitoring the health of a personwearing a HWC 102 by monitoring the wearer's eye(s). Calibrations may bemade such that the normal performance, under various conditions (e.g.lighting conditions, image light conditions, etc.) of a wearer's eyesmay be documented. The wearer's eyes may then be monitored through eyeimaging (e.g. as described herein) for changes in their performance.Changes in performance may be indicative of a health concern (e.g.concussion, brain injury, stroke, loss of blood, etc.). If detected thedata indicative of the change or event may be communicated from the HWC102.

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to security and access ofcomputer assets (e.g. the HWC itself and related computer systems) asdetermined through eye image verification. As discussed hereinelsewhere, eye imagery may be compared to known person eye imagery toconfirm a person's identity. Eye imagery may also be used to confirm theidentity of people wearing the HWCs 102 before allowing them to linktogether or share files, streams, information, etc.

A variety of use cases for eye imaging are possible based ontechnologies described herein. An aspect of the present disclosurerelates to the timing of eye image capture. The timing of the capture ofthe eye image and the frequency of the capture of multiple images of theeye can vary dependent on the use case for the information gathered fromthe eye image. For example, capturing an eye image to identify the userof the HWC may be required only when the HWC has been turned ON or whenthe HWC determines that the HWC has been put onto a wearer's head tocontrol the security of the HWC and the associated information that isdisplayed to the user, wherein the orientation, movement pattern, stressor position of the earhorns (or other portions of the HWC) of the HWCcan be used to determine that a person has put the HWC onto their headwith the intention to use the HWC. Those same parameters may bemonitored in an effort to understand when the HWC is dismounted from theuser's head. This may enable a situation where the capture of an eyeimage for identifying the wearer may be completed only when a change inthe wearing status is identified. In a contrasting example, capturingeye images to monitor the health of the wearer may require images to becaptured periodically (e.g. every few seconds, minutes, hours, days,etc.). For example, the eye images may be taken in minute intervals whenthe images are being used to monitor the health of the wearer whendetected movements indicate that the wearer is exercising. In a furthercontrasting example, capturing eye images to monitor the health of thewearer for long-term effects may only require that eye images becaptured monthly. Embodiments of the disclosure relate to selection ofthe timing and rate of capture of eye images to be in correspondencewith the selected use scenario associated with the eye images. Theseselections may be done automatically, as with the exercise example abovewhere movements indicate exercise, or these selections may be setmanually. In a further embodiment, the selection of the timing and rateof eye image capture is adjusted automatically depending on the mode ofoperation of the HWC. The selection of the timing and rate of eye imagecapture can further be selected in correspondence with inputcharacteristics associated with the wearer including age and healthstatus, or sensed physical conditions of the wearer including heartrate, chemical makeup of the blood and eye blink rate.

FIG. 24 illustrates a cross section of an eyeball of a wearer of an HWCwith focus points that can be associated with the eye imaging system ofthe disclosure. The eyeball 5010 includes an iris 5012 and a retina5014. Because the eye imaging system of the disclosure provides coaxialeye imaging with a display system, images of the eye can be capturedfrom a perspective directly in front of the eye and inline with wherethe wearer is looking. In embodiments of the disclosure, the eye imagingsystem can be focused at the iris 5012 and/or the retina 5014 of thewearer, to capture images of the external surface of the iris 5012 orthe internal portions of the eye, which includes the retina 5014. FIG.24 shows light rays 5020 and 5025 that are respectively associated withcapturing images of the iris 5012 or the retina 5014 wherein the opticsassociated with the eye imaging system are respectively focused at theiris 5012 or the retina 5014. Illuminating light can also be provided inthe eye imaging system to illuminate the iris 5012 or the retina 5014.FIG. 25 shows an illustration of an eye including an iris 5130 and asclera 5125. In embodiments, the eye imaging system can be used tocapture images that include the iris 5130 and portions of the sclera5125. The images can then be analyzed to determine color, shapes andpatterns that are associated with the user. In further embodiments, thefocus of the eye imaging system is adjusted to enable images to becaptured of the iris 5012 or the retina 5014. Illuminating light canalso be adjusted to illuminate the iris 5012 or to pass through thepupil of the eye to illuminate the retina 5014. The illuminating lightcan be visible light to enable capture of colors of the iris 5012 or theretina 5014, or the illuminating light can be ultraviolet (e.g. 340 nm),near infrared (e.g. 850 nm) or mid-wave infrared (e.g. 5000 nm) light toenable capture of hyperspectral characteristics of the eye.

FIGS. 26a and 26b illustrate captured images of eyes where the eyes areilluminated with structured light patterns. In FIG. 26 a, an eye 5220 isshown with a projected structured light pattern 5230, where the lightpattern is a grid of lines. A light pattern of such as 5230 can beprovided by the light source 5355 by including a diffractive or arefractive device to modify the light 5357 as are known by those skilledin the art. A visible light source can also be included for the secondcamera, which can include a diffractive or refractive to modify thelight 5467 to provide a light pattern. FIG. 26b illustrates how thestructured light pattern of 5230 becomes distorted to 5235 when theuser's eye 5225 looks to the side. This distortion comes from the factthat the human eye is not completely spherical in shape, instead theiris sticks out slightly from the eyeball to form a bump in the area ofthe iris. As a result, the shape of the eye and the associated shape ofthe reflected structured light pattern is different depending on whichdirection the eye is pointed, when images of the eye are captured from afixed position. Changes in the structured light pattern can subsequentlybe analyzed in captured eye images to determine the direction that theeye is looking.

The eye imaging system can also be used for the assessment of aspects ofhealth of the user. In this case, information gained from analyzingcaptured images of the iris 5130 or sclera 5125 are different frominformation gained from analyzing captured images of the retina 5014.Where images of the retina 5014 are captured using light thatilluminates the inner portions of the eye including the retina 5014. Thelight can be visible light, but in an embodiment, the light is infraredlight (e.g. wavelength 1 to 5 microns) and the eye camera is an infraredlight sensor (e.g. an InGaAs sensor) or a low resolution infrared imagesensor that is used to determine the relative amount of light that isabsorbed, reflected or scattered by the inner portions of the eye.Wherein the majority of the light that is absorbed, reflected orscattered can be attributed to materials in the inner portion of the eyeincluding the retina where there are densely packed blood vessels withthin walls so that the absorption, reflection and scattering are causedby the material makeup of the blood. These measurements can be conductedautomatically when the user is wearing the HWC, either at regularintervals, after identified events or when prompted by an externalcommunication. In a preferred embodiment, the illuminating light is nearinfrared or mid infrared (e.g. 0.7 to 5 microns wavelength) to reducethe chance for thermal damage to the wearer's eye. In a furtherembodiment, the light source and the camera together comprise aspectrometer wherein the relative intensity of the light reflected bythe eye is analyzed over a series of narrow wavelengths within the rangeof wavelengths provided by the light source to determine acharacteristic spectrum of the light that is absorbed, reflected orscattered by the eye. For example, the light source can provide a broadrange of infrared light to illuminate the eye and the camera caninclude: a grating to laterally disperse the reflected light from theeye into a series of narrow wavelength bands that are captured by alinear photodetector so that the relative intensity by wavelength can bemeasured and a characteristic absorbance spectrum for the eye can bedetermined over the broad range of infrared. In a further example, thelight source can provide a series of narrow wavelengths of light(ultraviolet, visible or infrared) to sequentially illuminate the eyeand camera includes a photodetector that is selected to measure therelative intensity of the series of narrow wavelengths in a series ofsequential measurements that together can be used to determine acharacteristic spectrum of the eye. The determined characteristicspectrum is then compared to known characteristic spectra for differentmaterials to determine the material makeup of the eye. In yet anotherembodiment, the illuminating light is focused on the retina and acharacteristic spectrum of the retina is determined and the spectrum iscompared to known spectra for materials that may be present in theuser's blood. For example, in the visible wavelengths 540 nm is usefulfor detecting hemoglobin and 660 nm is useful for differentiatingoxygenated hemoglobin. In a further example, in the infrared, a widevariety of materials can be identified as is known by those skilled inthe art, including: glucose, urea, alcohol and controlled substances.

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to an intuitive userinterface mounted on the HWC 102 where the user interface includestactile feedback (otherwise referred to as haptic feedback) to the userto provide the user an indication of engagement and change. Inembodiments, the user interface is a rotating element on a templesection of a glasses form factor of the HWC 102. The rotating elementmay include segments such that it positively engages at certainpredetermined angles. This facilitates a tactile feedback to the user.As the user turns the rotating element it ‘clicks’ through it'spredetermined steps or angles and each step causes a displayed userinterface content to be changed. For example, the user may cycle througha set of menu items or selectable applications. In embodiments, therotating element also includes a selection element, such as apressure-induced section where the user can push to make a selection.

FIG. 27 illustrates a human head wearing a head-worn computer in aglasses form factor. The glasses have a temple section 11702 and arotating user interface element 11704. The user can rotate the rotatingelement 11704 to cycle through options presented as content in thesee-through display of the glasses. FIG. 28 illustrates several examplesof different rotating user interface elements 11704 a, 11704 b and 11704c. Rotating element 11704 a is mounted at the front end of the templeand has significant side and top exposure for user interaction. Rotatingelement 11704 b is mounted further back and also has significantexposure (e.g. 270 degrees of touch). Rotating element 11704 c has lessexposure and is exposed for interaction on the top of the temple. Otherembodiments may have a side or bottom exposure.

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a haptic system in ahead-worn computer. Creating visual, audio, and haptic sensations incoordination can increase the enjoyment or effectiveness of awareness ina number of situations. For example, when viewing a movie or playing agame while digital content is presented in a computer display of ahead-worn computer, it is more immersive to include coordinated soundand haptic effects. When presenting information in the head-worncomputer, it may be advantageous to present a haptic effect to enhanceor be the information. For example, the haptic sensation may gentlycause the user of the head-worn computer believe that there is somepresence on the user's right side, but out of sight. It may be a verylight haptic effect to cause the ‘tingling’ sensation of a presence ofunknown origin. It may be a high intensity haptic sensation tocoordinate with an apparent explosion, either out of sight or in-sightin the computer display. Haptic sensations can be used to generate aperception in the user that objects and events are close by. As anotherexample, digital content may be presented to the user in the computerdisplays and the digital content may appear to be within reach of theuser. If the user reaches out his hand in an attempt to touch thedigital object, which is not a real object, the haptic system may causea sensation and the user may interpret the sensation as a touchingsensation. The haptic system may generate slight vibrations near one orboth temples for example and the user may infer from those vibrationsthat he has touched the digital object. This additional dimension insensory feedback can be very useful and create a more intuitive andimmersive user experience.

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to controlling andmodulating the intensity of a haptic system in a head-worn computer. Inembodiments, the haptic system includes separate piezo strips such thateach of the separate strips can be controlled separately. Each strip maybe controlled over a range of vibration levels and some of the separatestrips may have a greater vibration capacity than others. For example, aset of strips may be mounted in the arm of the head-worn computer (e.g.near the user's temple, ear, rear of the head, substantially along thelength of the arm, etc.) and the further forward the strip the highercapacity the strip may have. The strips of varying capacity could bearranged in any number of ways, including linear, curved, compoundshape, two dimensional array, one dimensional array, three dimensionalarray, etc.). A processor in the head-worn computer may regulate thepower applied to the strips individually, in sub-groups, as a whole,etc. In embodiments, separate strips or segments of varying capacity areindividually controlled to generate a finely controlled multi-levelvibration system. Patterns based on frequency, duration, intensity,segment type, and/or other control parameters can be used to generatesignature haptic feedback. For example, to simulate the haptic feedbackof an explosion close to the user, a high intensity, low frequency, andmoderate duration may be a pattern to use. A bullet whipping by the usermay be simulated with a higher frequency and shorter duration. Followingthis disclosure, one can imagine various patterns for various simulationscenarios.

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to making a physicalconnection between the haptic system and the user's head. Typically,with a glasses format, the glasses touch the user's head in severalplaces (e.g. ears, nose, forehead, etc.) and these areas may besatisfactory to generate the necessary haptic feedback. In embodiments,an additional mechanical element may be added to better translate thevibration from the haptic system to a desired location on the user'shead. For example, a vibration or signal conduit may be added to thehead-worn computer such that there is a vibration translation mediumbetween the head-worn computers internal haptic system and the user'stemple area.

FIG. 29 illustrates a head-worn computer 102 with a haptic systemcomprised of piezo strips 29002. In this embodiment, the piezo strips29002 are arranged linearly with strips of increasing vibration capacityfrom back to front of the arm 29004. The increasing capacity may beprovided by different sized strips, for example. This arrangement cancause a progressively increased vibration power 29003 from back tofront. This arrangement is provided for ease of explanation; otherarrangements are contemplated by the inventors of the presentapplication and these examples should not be construed as limiting. Thehead-worn computer 102 may also have a vibration or signal conduit 29001that facilitates the physical vibrations from the haptic system to thehead of the user 29005. The vibration conduit may be malleable to formto the head of the user for a tighter or more appropriate fit.

An aspect of the present invention relates to a head-worn computer,comprising: a frame adapted to hold a computer display in front of auser's eye; a processor adapted to present digital content in thecomputer display and to produce a haptic signal in coordination with thedigital content display; and a haptic system comprised of a plurality ofhaptic segments, wherein each of the haptic segments is individuallycontrolled in coordination with the haptic signal. In embodiments, thehaptic segments comprise a piezo strip activated by the haptic signal togenerate a vibration in the frame. The intensity of the haptic systemmay be increased by activating more than one of the plurality of hapticsegments. The intensity may be further increased by activating more than2 of the plurality of haptic segments. In embodiments, each of theplurality of haptic segments comprises a different vibration capacity.In embodiments, the intensity of the haptic system may be regulateddepending on which of the plurality of haptic segments is activated. Inembodiments, each of the plurality of haptic segments are mounted in alinear arrangement and the segments are arranged such that the highercapacity segments are at one end of the linear arrangement. Inembodiments, the linear arrangement is from back to front on an arm ofthe head-worn computer. In embodiments, the linear arrangement isproximate a temple of the user. In embodiments, the linear arrangementis proximate an ear of the user. In embodiments, the linear arrangementis proximate a rear portion of the user's head. In embodiments, thelinear arrangement is from front to back on an arm of the head-worncomputer, or otherwise arranged.

An aspect of the present disclosure provides a head-worn computer with avibration conduit, wherein the vibration conduit is mounted proximatethe haptic system and adapted to touch the skin of the user's head tofacilitate vibration sensations from the haptic system to the user'shead. In embodiments, the vibration conduit is mounted on an arm of thehead-worn computer. In embodiments, the vibration conduit touches theuser's head proximate a temple of the user's head. In embodiments, thevibration conduit is made of a soft material that deforms to increasecontact area with the user's head.

An aspect of the present disclosure relates to a haptic array system ina head-worn computer. The haptic array(s) that can correlate vibratorysensations to indicate events, scenarios, etc. to the wearer. Thevibrations may correlate or respond to auditory, visual, proximity toelements, etc. of a video game, movie, or relationships to elements inthe real world as a means of augmenting the wearer's reality. As anexample, physical proximity to objects in a wearer's environment, suddenchanges in elevation in the path of the wearer (e.g. about to step off acurb), the explosions in a game or bullets passing by a wearer. Hapticeffects from a piezo array(s) that make contact the side of the wearer'shead may be adapted to effect sensations that correlate to other eventsexperienced by the wearer.

FIG. 29a illustrates a haptic system according to the principles of thepresent disclosure. In embodiments the piezo strips are mounted ordeposited with varying width and thus varying force Piezo Elements on arigid or flexible, non-conductive substrate attached, to or part of thetemples of glasses, goggles, bands or other form factor. Thenon-conductive substrate may conform to the curvature of a head by beingcurved and it may be able to pivot (e.g. in and out, side to side, upand down, etc.) from a person's head. This arrangement may be mounted tothe inside of the temples of a pair of glasses. Similarly, the vibrationconduit, described herein elsewhere, may be mounted with a pivot. As canbe seen in FIG. 29 a, the piezo strips 29002 may be mounted on asubstrate and the substrate may be mounted to the inside of a glassesarm, strap, etc. The piezo strips in this embodiment increase invibration capacity as they move forward.

In head-worn displays it is advantageous for the optics to be compactand low in weight to make the head-worn display more comfortable for theuser. To this end, thinner optics are typically lower in weight. Toprovide a more immersive viewing experience, a wider display field ofview is desirable. For augmented reality applications a largesee-through field of view provides the user with an improved see-throughview so the user feels more connected with the surrounding environment.

FIG. 32 is an illustration of a cross section of optics with a foldedoptical path that provide excellent image quality because the wavefrontis preserved throughout and there are no structures with multiple edgesthat tend to scatter light, such as Fresnel lenses, segmented reflectorsor diffractive lenses. These optics include an image source 32010 thatprovides image light 32025 that passes through the optics to the eyebox32015 where a user can view a displayed image comprised of the imagelight 32025 in a display field of view. A see-through view of thesurrounding environment can also be provided comprised of see-throughlight 31029 in a see-through field of view, wherein the displayed imageis seen by the user as overlaid on top of the see-through view of theenvironment. Bundles of rays of image light 32025 are shown in FIG. 32to illustrate how the light passes from the image source 32010 to theeyebox 32015 along a folded optical path. One or more lenses 32020collect the image light 32025 and present it to a beam splitter 32055plate that includes a first partially reflective surface to redirect aportion of the image light 32025 toward a curved partial mirror 32045that includes a second partially reflective surface. A portion of theimage light 32025 is then reflected by the curved partial mirror 32045back toward the beam splitter 32055 which then transmits a portion ofthe image light 32025 so that it is presented to the eyebox 32015. Thecurve of the partial mirror 32045 presents the image light 32025 to theeyebox 32015 as a cone of light with an included angle indicated by thesolid lines of the outermost rays 32027 that is the display field ofview. The see-through field of view is limited by the edges of thevarious elements and is shown by the included angle between the dottedlines 32035. The multiply folded path of the image light 32025 betweenthe image source 32010 and the eyebox 32015 greatly reduces the overallsize of these optics. However, while these optics can provide excellentimage quality and are relatively compact, there are opportunities toreduce the assembly cost, reduce the thickness, increase the displayfield of view and increase the see-through field of view.

FIG. 31 is an illustration of a cross section of a new form of foldedoptics that improves on the optics shown in FIG. 32. The optical pathfollowed by the image light 31025 is similar to that followed by imagelight 32025 in that there are multiple folds between the image source31010 and the eyebox 31015. See-through light 31029 can also be providedto the eyebox to provide the user with a see-through view of thesurrounding environment. Bundles of rays of image light 31025 are shownin FIG. 31 to illustrate how the light passes from the image source31010 to the eyebox 31015 along a folded optical path. The majordifference in the optics shown in FIG. 31 is that surfaces of variousoptical elements are matched to one another so they can be are cementedtogether in a solid optical assembly 3105. Where the solid opticalassembly 3105 includes at least the following elements: a field lens31020, a power lens 31030, a prism 31050 and a front lens 31040. Thefield lens 31020 collects the image light 31025 provided by the imagesource 31010 and presents it to the power lens 31030. The field lens31020 can have two optical surfaces that supply optical power providedby spherical or aspherical refractive surfaces. The power lens 31030 hasan upper surface that is matched to the lower surface of the field lens31020. The power lens 31030 also includes a first partially reflectivesurface 31055 that is plano and a second partially reflective surface31045 that is curved (e.g. spherical or aspherical). A portion of theimage light 31025 is reflected by the first partially reflective surface31055 so that it is redirected toward the second partially reflectivesurface 31045 where a portion of the image light 31025 is reflected backtoward the first partially reflective surface 31055. A portion of theimage light 31025 is then transmitted through the first partiallyreflecting surface 31055 as it passes to the eyebox 31015. The curvedshape of the second partially reflective surface 31045 supplies opticalpower to the image light 31025 thereby causing the image light 31025 tobe presented to the eyebox 31015 as a cone of light with an includedangle shown by the outermost rays 31027 of the image light 31025 thatcomprises the display field of view. Other surfaces in the solid opticalassembly 3105 are matched to enable the various elements to be bondedtogether with transparent adhesive including: the front surface of thepower lens 31030 and the back surface of the front lens 31040; the backsurface of the power lens 31030 and the front surface of the prism31050. The bondlines of transparent adhesive at the matched surfaces istypically 10-15 microns in thickness so that the bondlines have littleaffect on the image light 31025.

One advantage provided by the solid optical assembly 3105 is that thevarious elements included in the solid optical assembly 3105 (e.g.31020, 31030, 31040 and 31050) can be separately manufactured and thencemented together to form a solid optical assembly 3105 as shown inFIGS. 33a and 33 b. The solid optical assembly 3105 after beingadhesively bonded together can be a robust preassembled optical unitthat can be easily installed into a frame along with the image source31010. The alignment of the various elements (e.g. 31020, 31030, 31040and 31050) is rigidly held in place by a transparent cement between thesurfaces between the various elements. Where the transparent cement usedon the surfaces between the various elements, such as between the fieldlens 31020 and the power lens 31030, between the power lens 31030 andthe front lens 31040, and between the power lens 31030 and the prism31050, can be for example a UV curing adhesive, a two part adhesive or athermal curing adhesive. The elements can be precisely held in alignmentrelative to one another by jigs, fixtures or robotic mechanisms whilethe transparent adhesive is cured in place (e.g. by heat or byultraviolet light) to lock in the alignment. In a preferred embodiment,the matched surfaces that are cemented together are spherical. After thevarious elements of the solid optical assembly 3105 have been cementedtogether, the solid optical assembly 3105 can be installed into a rigidframe of the head-worn display that holds the solid optical assembly3105 precisely in position relative to an adjacent solid opticalassembly 3105 so that left and right versions of image light 31025 canbe respectively provided to left and right eyes of a user. Image sources31010, can be positioned over the respective left and right solidoptical assemblies 3105 and the image sources 31010 can be alignedrelative to the respective solid optical assemblies 3105 to preciselyposition the left and right images for viewing by the left and righteyes of the user.

In the solid optical assembly 3105, the field lens 31020 is made from adifferent optical material than the power lens 31030, the front lens31040 and the prism 31050. By using optical materials (either glass orplastic) with different refractive indices (e.g. >0.05 different), arefractive effect supplying optical power can be provided across thecurved interface between the field lens 31020 and the power lens 31030.For example, the field lens 31020 can be made from a material with ahigher refractive index such as for example polycarbonate (1.59),polystyrene (1.58) or OKP4 (1.61) and the power lens can be made from amaterial with a lower refractive index, such as for example acrylic(1.49) or Zeonex (1.53). As such the solid optical assembly 3105includes multiple internal optical surfaces including at least onerefractive surface between the field lens 31020 and the power lens 31030and two or more reflective surfaces between the power lens 31030 and theprism 31050 and between the power lens 31030 and the front lens 31040.

To provide for undistorted see-through, it is important that thematerials for all the elements through the horizontal thickness, at theuser's see-through view of the surrounding environment, of the solidoptical assembly 3105 have the same or at least very similar refractiveindex (e.g. within <0.05) so that the solid optical assembly 3105appears as a solid optical plate or window when the user is looking atthe see-through view of the surrounding environment. As an example, thepower lens 31030, the front lens 31040 and the prism 31050 can all bemade of materials that have a very similar refractive index (e.g. within0.005 refractive index units) so the see-through light 31029 passesthrough the solid optical assembly without being distorted. The fieldlens 31020 can be made of a material that has a higher refractive indexto provide a refractive effect when combined with the power lens 31030,but the dimensions of the field lens 31020 are selected to provideplanar front and back surfaces that are adjacent to and coplanar withthe front and back surfaces of the lower optical elements including thepower lens 31030, the front lens 31040 and the prism 31050, so the solidoptical assembly 3105 appears to be a solid optical plate. Because thefield lens 31020 extends through the thickness of the solid opticalassembly 3105, and the power lens 31030, front lens 31040 and prism31050 together extend through the thickness of the solid opticalassembly 3105 an undistorted (e.g. distortion <0.5 degree) see-throughview is provided to the user when looking through the field lens andwhen looking through the lower optics after the various elements havebeen cemented together with transparent adhesive.

Another advantage provided by the solid optical assembly 3105 is thatthe accuracy required in the various elements (e.g. 31020, 31030, 31040and 31050) can be reduced. This is accomplished by using a transparentadhesive that has a refractive index that is very similar or indexmatched (e.g. within 0.05 index units) to the material of one of theelements such as the field lens 31020, the power lens 31030, the frontlens 31040 and the prism 31050. Optically speaking, the transparentadhesive then becomes part of the element because the adhesive is indexmatched to the material of the element. The surface between the elementsthen becomes defined by either the surface of the element that has adifferent refractive index or by a partially reflective coating appliedto the surface of one of the elements. As such only one side of eachmatched surface needs to be optically accurate while the mating surfacedoes not need to be optically accurate. For example the lower surface ofthe field lens 31020 can have an accuracy of <5 microns while the uppersurface of the power lens 31030 can have an accuracy of <30 micron if atransparent adhesive is used to bond the elements together that is indexmatched to the material of the power lens 31030. In the case ofpartially reflective coatings, the coating is applied to an accuratesurface to provide improved optical performance. The mating surface thendoes not need to be very accurate provided the transparent adhesive isindex matched to the mating surface so that any irregularities andinaccuracies of the mating surface are filled in by the transparentadhesive. As a result, the number of surfaces that need to be highlyaccurate is substantially reduced thereby increasing the yield duringmanufacturing and consequently reducing the manufacturing cost of thevarious elements. For example for the solid optical assembly 3105, thereare four optical surfaces that need to be precise (e.g. within 5 micronsof the desired surface geometry) to provide excellent image quality: theupper surface of the field lens 31020, the surface between the fieldlens 31020 and the power lens 31030, the surface between the power lens31030 and the front lens 31040 and the surface between the power lens31030 and the prism 310450. The accuracy of the mating surfaces to theinternal accurate surfaces can be substantially reduced (e.g within10-40 microns depending on whether the surface is respectively anexternal see-through surface or an internal cemented surface). Inaddition, since the first and second partially reflective surfaces(31055 and 31045 respectively), are internal to the solid opticalassembly 3105, these precise optical surfaces are respectively protectedfrom damage during use by the front lens 31040 and the prism 31050. Inaddition, the accurate surfaces can be positioned on different elementsif that provides a manufacturing advantage since the surfaces arematched between elements. For example, the first partially reflectivesurface and it's associated partially reflective coating can be placedon either the lower surface of the power lens 31030 or the upper surfaceof the prism 31050, and the second partially reflective surface and it'sassociated partially reflective coating can be positioned on either thefront surface of the power lens 31030 or the rear surface of the frontlens 31040. Similarly the accurate surface between the power lens 31030and the field lens 31020 can be provided by the upper surface of thepower lens 31030 or the lower surface of the field lens 31020, howeverin this case, since the refractive indices of the two elements aredifferent this accurate surface provides a refractive effect, the indexmatching adhesive is chosen to match the element that does not providethe accurate surface so the adhesive fills in the inaccuracies of thesurface.

Yet another advantage provided by the solid optical assembly 3105 isthat the see-through field of view can be substantially increased. Asshown in FIG. 31 and as previously described herein, the solid opticalassembly 3105 can be comprised of two different optical materials,wherein the field lens 31020 has one refractive index and the othervarious elements (31030, 31040 and 31050) all have very similarrefractive indices that are different from the refractive index of thefield lens 31020. Since the field lens 31020 shares the same frontsurface as the front lens 31040 and the same back surface as the prism31050, the solid optical assembly 3105 appears to the user as a solidoptical plate window with little see-through distortion. As a result,the user can see through both the field lens 31020 and the other variouselements (31030, 31040 and 31050) and the see-through field of view thenencompasses the entire front surface of the solid optical assembly 3105as shown by the dotted lines 31035. By comparing the subtended angle ofthe dotted lines 31035 shown in FIG. 31 to the subtended angle of thedotted lines 32035 shown in FIG. 32, it can be readily seen that thesolid optical assembly 3105 provides a much greater vertical see-throughfield of view than the embodiment shown in FIG. 32 because the verticalsee-through angle of the embodiment shown in FIG. 32 is limited by thelower surface of the lens 32020 where the refractive index through thethickness changes substantially whereas the see-through angle of thesolid optical assembly 3105 can encompass all of the various elementsincluding the field lens 31020. As such the vertical see-through fieldof view can be substantially larger than the display field of view inthe solid optical assembly 3105. The front lens 31040 and the prism31050 are designed in conjunction with the power lens 31030 to provide auniform thickness plate when cemented together so the see-through light31029 is not distorted as it passes to the eyebox 31015. The field lens31020 is then designed so that the lateral dimension matches thecombined thickness of the power lens 31030, the front lens 31040 and theprism 31050. In this way, the solid optical assembly 3105 comprises auniform thickness plate of optical material with plano front and backsurfaces so the user is provided an undistorted see-through view of thesurrounding environment.

A further advantage provided by the solid optical assembly 3105 is thatthe optics can be substantially thinner than the embodiment shown inFIG. 32. This is because the image light 31025 is contained within theoptical material of the solid optical assembly 3105 so that a refractiveeffect occurs as the image light 31025 exits from the back of the solidoptical assembly 3105 as it passes from the high refractive indexmaterial of the solid optical assembly 3105 to the low refractive indexair on it's way to the eyebox 31015. This can be seen as a change inangle of the outermost rays 31027 of the image light 31025 where theypass from the back surface of the prism 31050 into the air on the way tothe eyebox 31015. As such, the subtended angle of the outermost rays31027 of the image light 31025 is reduced inside the material of thesolid optical assembly 3105. The reduced subtended angle of theoutermost rays 31027 of the image light 31025 enables the radius ofcurvature of the second partially reflective surface 31045 to beincreased and still provide the desired subtended angle of the outermostrays 31027 of the display field of view. Thus the reduced subtendedangle enables a reduced thickness of the optics for a given displayfield of view. FIG. 35 is a magnified portion of FIG. 31 wherein thechange in the subtended angle between the outermost rays 31027 of theimage light 31025 can be better seen where they pass from the backsurface of the prism 31050 into the air on their way to the eyebox31015. Internal to the solid optical assembly 3105, the subtended anglebetween the outermost rays 31027 is reduced compared to the subtendedangle in the air and as a result, the footprint (area covered by) of theray bundles of the image light 31025 is reduced in size at the secondpartially reflective surface 31045 and at the first partially reflectivesurface 31055. This reduction in footprint of the ray bundles of theimage light 31025 along with the reduced sag of the increased radius ofcurvature of the second partially reflective surface 31045 provides areduction in the thickness of the solid optical assembly 3105 asmeasured from the front to the back (right to left as shown in FIG. 31).By comparison, the subtended angle of the outermost rays 32027 of theimage 32025 in the optics shown in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 32 isconstant between the eyebox 32015 and the curved partial mirror 32045and as a result, the thickness of the optics is increased relative towhat is provided by the solid optical assembly 3105. Consequently bypositioning the first and second partially reflective surfaces (31055and 31045) internal to the solid optical assembly 3105, the subtendedangle of the image light 31025 is reduced relative to the display fieldof view and the footprints of the image light 31025 at the first andsecond partially reflective surfaces are correspondingly reduced therebyenabling a reduction in thickness of the solid optical assembly 3105.For example optics of the type shown in FIG. 32 can be 14 mm thick whilesolid optics of the type shown FIG. 31 can be 11 mm thick for the samefield of view thereby reducing the thickness of the optics by 22%.

In embodiments, the solid optical assembly 3105 is a solid blockcomprised of two optical materials with at least one internal refractivesurface and at least two internal reflective optical surfaces. Whereinthe solid optical assembly 3105 maintains the wavefront of the imagelight 31025 throughout the optics to provide improved image quality inthe displayed image presented to the user. The front and back surfacesof the solid optical assembly 3105 can both be plano so that anundistorted see-through view of the surrounding environment can beprovided that is transmitted through the entire front surface of thesolid optical assembly 3105 thereby providing a larger verticalsee-through field of view. The plano front and back surfaces of thesolid optical assembly 3105 also provide for easier cleaning of thesolid optical assembly 3105 for improved viewing of the displayed imageand the see-through view of the surrounding environment.

In embodiments, the curved surface of the second partially reflectivesurface 31045 can be replaced by a flat holographic surface that hasoptical power. The flat holographic surface with optical power can bepositioned to be at the front surface of the solid optical assembly 3105thereby making the front lens 31040 unnecessary and further reducing theoverall thickness, or the flat holographic surface with optical powercan be positioned internal to the solid optical assembly 3105 with auniform thickness front lens 31040. Where the flat holographic surfaceprovides the same optical power as the curved surface of the secondpartially reflective surface 31045.

In embodiments, features are added to the various elements to enable theelements to self align relative to each other during the cementingprocess. While spherical and aspherical surfaces do tend to align witheach other when mating surfaces are brought together this alignment islargely in regard to the decenter and the Z position of the matingsurfaces and not in regard to tilt or rotational alignment between themating surfaces. As such, the features can include complimentary taperedstructures or beveled structures with mating slots or grooves, so theelements are guided into position as they are pressed together to reducetilt and rotational misalignment between surfaces. The features arepreferably located at the sides of the elements so the thickness of thesolid optical assembly 3105 is not increased. Alternatively, featurescan be located at the front or back of the elements and the features canbe removed (e.g. by machining or cutting) from the solid opticalassembly 3105 after cementing is completed.

FIG. 34 shows an example of coatings that can be applied to the solidoptic assembly 31045. Black coatings such as black paint can be appliedto portions of the sides of the field lens 31020 to reduce stray lightassociated with image light 31025 that reflects off the internalsidewalls of the field lens 31020. Black coating can also be applied tothe bottom surface of the prism 31050 to prevent image light 31025 thatpasses through the first partially reflective surface 31055 fromescaping from the solid optic assembly 3105. Black coating on the bottomsurface of the prism 31050 also prevents stray light from theenvironment below the head-worn display from being transmitted upwardinto the prism 31050 where it can be reflected by the first partiallyreflective surface back toward the eyebox 31015 thereby interfering withthe displayed image seen by the user. The black coatings are indicatedby heavy lines in FIG. 34. Antireflective coating can be applied to thefront and back surfaces of the solid optics assembly 3105 as indicatedby the dotted lines in FIG. 34. The black coatings and theantireflection coating can be applied to the solid optical assembly 3105after the various elements have been cemented together to reduce thenumber of coating runs needed and thereby reduce coating costs. Thefirst partially reflective surface 31055 and the second partiallyreflective surface 31045 are coated with partially reflective coatingsas indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 34. Where the partially reflectivecoating may not be the same on these two internal surfaces. Inembodiments, the first partially reflective surface 31055 and the secondpartially reflective surface 31045 can be coated with simple partialmirror coatings that reflect substantially all of the visiblewavelengths equally (e.g. 50% reflectivity). Alternatively, at least oneof the first or second partially reflective surfaces (31055, 31045) canbe coated with a notch mirror coating that has a higher reflectivity forwavelength bands included in the image light 31025 as provided by theimage source 31010 and has a higher transmitivity for visiblewavelengths not included in the wavelength bands included in the imagelight 31025. Preferably, the notch mirror coating has a reflectivityof >50% for wavelength bands included in the image light 31025 and has atransmitivity of >50% for visible wavelengths not included in thewavelength bands of the image light 31025. In a further preferredembodiment, the notch mirror coating reflects a majority of selectedwavelength bands of image light to provide a bright displayed imagewhile simultaneously transmitting a majority of the visible lightbetween the selected wavelength bands to provide a bright see-throughview of the surrounding environment. As previously described herein, thepartially reflective surface for the first partially reflective surface31055 can be applied to either the lower surface of the power lens 31030or the upper surface of the prism 31050 and the partially reflectivesurface for the second partially reflective surface 31045 can be appliedto either the front surface of the power lens 31030 or the back surfaceof the front lens 31040. The notch mirror coating can be applied to asurface of a plastic element. In a preferred embodiment, an element ofthe solid optical assembly is glass element (e.g. the front lens 31040)and the notch mirror coating is applied to a surface of the glasselement. Alternatively a notch mirror multilayer film (such as isdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,851,054) can be applied at an interfacebetween elements and adhesively bonded into place.

In embodiments, the solid optical assembly 3105 is coated with blackabsorbing material on the sides and bottom of the solid optical assembly3105 to reduce glinting reflections of see-through light 31029 from thenon-optical surfaces of the solid optical assembly 3105. By applying theblack to the sides and bottom of the solid optical assembly 3105, thesee-through view is not significantly blocked while eliminating theglinting reflections substantially improves the viewing experience. Thesolid optical assembly 3105 can also be made wider or taller than isneeded for displaying the image to the user to position the sides andbottom of the solid optical assembly 3105 further away from the user'sline of sight where any artifacts caused by these non-optical surfacesare less noticeable.

In embodiments the geometry of the solid optical assembly 3105 can bedifferent from that shown in FIGS. 31, 33 a and 33 b wherein the curvedoptical surface of the second partially reflective surface 36055 ispositioned at the bottom of the solid optical assembly 3605 as shown inFIG. 36. Where the solid optical assembly 3605 includes at least oneupper lens 36020 which can include a field lens, a central prism element36025 with a curved surface shared with the upper lens 36020, and alower prism element 36030 that includes the curved surface associatedwith the second partially reflective surface 36055. The upper prismelement 36050 and the lower prism element 36030 are made from materialswith the same refractive index within <0.05 and adhesively bondedtogether with a transparent index matched adhesive. The material of theupper lens 36020 has a refractive index that is different from that ofthe upper prism element 36050 and the lower prism element 36030 (e.g. atleast 0.05 greater) so that a refractive effect is supplied to the imagelight 36025 as it passes from the upper lens 36020 to the upper prismelement 36050. The upper lens 36020 is adhesively bonded to the upperprism element 36050 with a transparent index matched adhesive, where theadhesive can be index matched to either the material of the upper lens36020 or the material of the upper prism element 36050. The variouselements included in the solid optical assembly 3605 together form auniform thickness block that provides an undistorted see-through view ofthe surrounding environment. In addition, the central prism element36025 and the lower prism element 36030 can be designed to be the sameshape to reduce manufacturing cost. The second partially reflectivesurface 36055 is coated to make the surface a reflective surface thatsupplies optical power to the image light 36025. The first partiallyreflective surface 36045 can be coated such as with a partiallyreflective dieletric coating (e.g 20 to 50% reflectivity and 80 to 50%transmission), wherein the coating can be applied to either the lowersurface of the upper prism element 36050 or the upper surface of thelower prism element 36030. Image light 36025 from the image source 31010passes through the upper lens 36020 and the upper prism element 36050. Aportion of the image light 36025 is transmitted by the first partiallyreflecting surface 36045. The image light 36025 then passes through thelower prism element 36030 until it is incident on the second partiallyreflecting surface 36055 where it is reflected by the curved surfacewhich supplies optical power to the image light 36025 thereby providinga cone of image light 36025, which forms the display field of view, tothe eyebox 31015. By positioning the curved surface of the secondpartially reflective surface 36055 at the bottom of the solid opticalassembly 3605, the see-through light 31029 from the surroundingenvironment no longer has to pass through the second partiallyreflective surface 36045 thereby enabling the see-through transmissionto be increased (e.g. >50% transmission). In addition, since thesee-through light 31029 doesn't pass through the second partiallyreflective surface 36055, the curved surface of the second partiallyreflective surface 36055 can be coated with a full mirror coating(e.g. >90% reflectivity for visible light) to provide increasedefficiency. However, the thickness of the solid optical assembly 3605 isincreased in this geometry because the ray bundles of the image light36025 are diverging in the longer vertical portion of the solid opticalassembly 3605 thereby increasing the footprint of the ray bundles of theimage light at the second partially reflective surface 36055, whichcauses the horizontal thickness of the solid optical assembly 3605 to belarger than the solid optical assembly 3105. However the principles andadvantages of making a pre-assembled solid optical assembly 3605 in thisgeometry apply similarly as previously described herein.

In embodiments, a solid optical assembly can be used with additionalseparate optical elements to provide an increased display field of view.FIG. 37 is an illustration of a solid optical assembly 3705 with anadditional separate optical element 37020. In this embodiment, a prism31050, a power lens 31030 and a front lens 31040 all made with materialsthat have the same or very similar refractive indices are cementedtogether as previously described herein. A middle element 37022 madefrom a material that has a different refractive index is cemented to thepower lens 31030 to provide a solid optical assembly 3705 that issimilar to what has been described previously herein with a see-thruview provided to the user wherein scene light from the surroundingenvironment can pass through all of the elements that are cementedtogether, thereby providing a greater vertical see-through field ofview. A separate optical element 37020 (shown as a field lens in FIG.37, but other optical elements and multiple optical elements are alsopossible) is then positioned between the middle element 37022 and theimage source 31010. By adding another optical element, further controlover the image light 31025 is enabled so that the performance of thehead-worn display can be improved, such as increasing the display fieldof view (e.g. >35 degrees or 40 degrees or greater), or increasing thesharpness (MTF) in the displayed image seen by the user. An air gap canseparate the separate optical element 37020 and the solid opticalassembly 3705 to enable a greater refractive effect on the image light.To position the separate optical element 37020 in relation to the otherelements of the solid optical assembly 3705, features can be attached ormanufactured as part of adjacent elements to align the separate opticalelement 37020 relative to the solid optical assembly as they are beingassembled. FIG. 37 shows an example of alignment features 37065 and37067 wherein feature 37067 is a cylindrical pin that fits into feature37065, which is a tapered slot. Feature 37065 can be molded as part ofthe middle element 37022 or accurately attached to the middle element37022 using a jig. Similarly, feature 37067 can be molded as part of theseparate optical element 37020 or accurately attached to the separateoptical element 37020 using a jig. The features 37065 and 37067 alignthe separate optical element 37020 relative to the middle element 37022by reducing the lateral tilt and rotation about the optical axis. Otherfeatures can be added to reduce other alignment inaccuracies. Differenttypes of mating features are possible such as matching tapered surfacesor matching flanges between the separate optical element 37020 and themiddle element 37022. FIG. 38 shows another example of features 38065and 38067 that can be used to align the separate optical element 37020relative to the other elements of the solid optical assembly 3705 andhold it in position during assembly. Features 38065 and 38067 are shownas being wider to aid in preventing tilt across the narrow dimension ofthe separate optical element 37020 and also to enable the surfaces to beadhesively bonded together during assembly in a way that preserves theair gap between the separate optical element 37020 and the middleelement 37022. While the features 37065 and 38065 are shown as beingassociated with the middle element 37022, they can also be associatedwith the power lens 31030 or other elements. FIG. 38a shows a furtherillustration of a special flange 38021 associated with the separateoptical element 38020 (alternatively the special flange can beassociated with the middle element 37022 or the power lens 31030) wherethe flange 38021 positions the separate optical element 38020 relativeto the middle element 38022 and the power lens 31030. The special flange38021 supports the separate optical element 38020 across the ends oraround the edges of the separate optical element 38020 to therebyaccurately establish the air gap 38024 between the separate opticalelement 38020 and the middle element 38022. The special flange can beadhesively bonded into place after positioning the separate opticalelement 38020 in relation to the middle element 38022 and the power lens31030. The special flange 38021 can seat onto the upper surface of thepower lens 31030 (as shown in FIG. 38a ) or onto a surface of the middleelement 38022 (not shown). In addition, the special flange 38021 caninclude tapered features 38023 that mate with corresponding features atthe edge of the middle element 3802 so that the separate optical element38020 is physically aligned relative to the middle element 38022 as thelenses are assembled. In the case where the special flange extends allthe way around the edge of the middle element 38022, the special flange38021 can provide a further benefit of keeping dust out of the air gap38024. By providing a special flange 38021 to the separate opticalelement 38020 and adhesively bonding the special flange 38021 to themiddle element 38022 or the power lens 31030, an extended solid opticalassembly 3805 is provided with improved control over the image light sothat a wider field of view or improved image quality (e.g. increasedsharpness) is possible. Where the extended solid optical assembly hasthree internal refractive surfaces: the surface between the bottom ofthe separate optical element 38020 and air in the airgap 38024; thesurface between the air in the airgap 38024 and the upper surface of themiddle element 38022; the surface between the bottom of the middleelement 38022 and the top of the power lens 31030. Likewise, alignmentfeatures can be added to other elements to provide alignment withadjacent elements in the extended solid optical assembly 3805.

In embodiments, the front lens 31040 can be made from a material (e.g.glass) with a substantially different thermal expansion coefficient fromthe power lens 31030 (e.g. plastic) and to allow the two elements toexpand differently the two elements can be physically held togetherwithout being cemented. As a result, there can be a tiny air gap (e.g.10 microns or less) between the elements, or the gap can be filled withan index matched liquid such as an oil. To prevent spurious reflectionartifacts from occurring at the interface, the front surface of thepower lens 31030 is coated with an antireflection coating and the backsurface of the front lens 31040 is coated with a partially reflectivecoating as previously described herein. Features can be added to theframe of the head-worn display to physically hold the front lens 31040against the power lens 31030. Preferably the matched surface between thepower lens 31030 and the front lens 31040 is spherical so that alignmentbetween the two elements is not critical provided that contact ismaintained between the surfaces of the two elements. Since the gapbetween the elements is tiny, light from the surrounding environment isessentially unaffected by the gap so that the user is provided with asee-thru view that is substantially limited by the first and secondpartially reflective surfaces alone.

In embodiments, a corrective ophthalmic element can be attached to theback surface of the solid optical assembly. Wherein the correctiveophthalmic element is designed to provide the optical characteristics ofthe ophthalmic prescription of the user. FIG. 39 is an illustration of asolid optical assembly 3105 as seen from above. In this figure, thesolid optical assembly 3105 can be seen to have flat front and backsurfaces (the front surface of the front lens 31040 is shown at the topand the back surface is shown at the bottom) with a uniform combinedthickness to provide an undistorted see-through view of the surroundingenvironment. FIG. 41 is an illustration of a solid optical assembly 3105with a corrective ophthalmic element 41080 shown attached to the backsurface of the solid optical assembly 3105. Wherein the correctiveophthalmic element 41080 can be physically held against the back of thesolid optical assembly 3105 and aligned relative to the solid opticalassembly 3105 by mechanical features (not shown) on the sides orassociated with the frame, or the corrective ophthalmic element 41080can be aligned relative to the solid optical assembly 3105 and thenadhesively bonded to the back surface of the solid optical assembly3105. Where the alignment of the corrective ophthalmic element 41080relative to the solid optical assembly 3105 can be provided byinterlocking features associated with the solid optical assembly 3105and the corrective ophthalmic element 41080. By positioning thecorrective ophthalmic element 41080 at the back surface of the solidoptical assembly 3105 and aligned with the optics of the solid opticalassembly 3105, the user's view of both the displayed image and thesee-through view of the surrounding environment are improved by addingthe optical characteristics (for example: diopter power, astigmatism,wedge) associated with the user's ophthalmic prescription. As such thecorrective ophthalmic element 41080 can be provided with the specificophthalmic prescription of the user or can be provided with a generalophthalmic prescription such as diopter power alone.

In embodiments, the corrective ophthalmic element can be mechanically ormagnetically held onto the back of the solid optical assembly by aholder with features that clip or snap onto the solid optical assembly.FIG. 43 is an illustration of a corrective ophthalmic element 41080mounted in a holder 43081, wherein the holder 43081 includes mountingfeatures 43082 that clip into corresponding mounting features 43083 inthe solid optical assembly 4305. The field lens 43020 can be modified toinclude flat flanges at the edges of the field lens 43020 as shown forexample in FIG. 43 where the mounting features 43083 are depressions inthe solid optical assembly 4305 so the mounting features 43082 in theholder 43081 can clip in. When the holder 43081 is clipped into thefeatures 43083 of the solid optical assembly 4305, the holder 43081 canbe rigidly held into position and the corrective ophthalmic element41080 can be rigidly held in alignment relative to the optics of thesolid optical assembly 4305. The corrective ophthalmic element 41080 canbe physically mounted into a pocket in the holder 43081 or it can beadhesively bonded into a pocket in the holder 43081. The features 43082and 43083 can be located on the sides, top or bottom of the holder 43081and the solid optical assembly 4305 as long as the features are locatedin corresponding locations so the features can clip into one another. Byclipping onto the edges of the solid optical assembly 4305 so thecorrective ophthalmic element 41080 is held against the back of thesolid optical assembly 4305, the thickness of the corrective ophthalmicelement 41080 can be reduced and the thickness of the head-worn displaycan also be reduced. In embodiments, magnets or mechanical features maybe designed into the HWC frame that is holding the solid optic. Forexample, the optic may be mounted and secured in the frame of the HWCand a slot, magnet and/or other feature may be mounted in the frame suchthat when the corrective optic can be snapped or clipped in place by auser.

In embodiments, the solid optical assembly can be provided with curvedfront and back surfaces to improve the form factor. FIG. 40 is anillustration that shows a curved version of a solid optical assembly4005 as seen from above wherein the front and back surfaces haveconcentric curves. As a result, the see-through thickness as measuredalong the line of sight from the user's eye, is uniform to provide anundistorted see-through view of the surrounding environment as theuser's eye moves around in the see-through field of view. By providing acurved geometry of the solid optical assembly 4005, the solid opticalassembly 4005 can be made to fit more compactly into a frame that has acurved geometry thereby enabling a thinner form factor of the head-worndisplay, such as for example a frame that wraps around the head of theuser.

In embodiments, where elements in the solid optical assembly 3105 or4005 are made of different materials that have different thermalexpansion coefficients, an index matched optical gel can be used at theinterface between the elements instead of an adhesive. Where the opticalgel has characteristics of a solid and a liquid over the operating rangeof the head-worn display (e.g. −20 to 80 degrees C.) so that the opticalgel stays at the interface with reduced migration, while also allowingsome movement at the interface as the elements expand and contract asthe temperature of the head-worn display changes. An example of an indexmatched optical gel is available from Thor Labs, Newton N.J. as product#G608N3 with a refractive index of 1.46. An example of differentmaterials that would benefit from the optical gel is if the front lens31040 is made of a glass such as Schott N-FK5 with refractive index of1.487 and a thermal expansion coefficient of 9.2E-6/degree C and a powerlens 31030 made of acrylic with a refractive index of 1.49 so the twomaterials are index matched and a thermal expansion coefficient of9E-5/degree C so that the power lens 31030 has a substantially higherthermal expansion that the front lens 31040. By using a flexible opticalgel at this interface instead a rigid optical adhesive, distortion ofthe elements caused by thermal stress is greatly reduced and the indexmatched bondline can be maintained and as a result image quality isimproved over the operating range of the head-worn display.

In embodiments, the sides and bottom of the solid optical assembly (3105or 3705) can be flared to better match the see-through line of sight ofthe user and thereby reduce the interference of the see-through view ofthe surrounding environment caused by the sidewalls and bottom. As aresult, the area of the front surface of the solid optical assembly(3105 or 3705) is larger than the area of the back surface. FIG. 42 isan illustration of a solid optical assembly 4205 shown from abovewherein the front surface is shown on the top and the back surface isshown on the bottom. The front surface is larger than the back surfaceso that the sides of the soli optical assembly 4205 are flared outwardtoward the front surface. The sidewalls then more closely follow theuser's line of sight so that the sidewalls are less noticeable to theuser when viewing the see-through view of the surrounding environment.

In embodiments, the solid optical assembly of FIG. 36 can include apolarizing beam splitter layer. The image light 36025 can be polarizedeither by adding a polarizer at the image source 31010 if the imagesource 31010 is an emissive display or, if the image source 31010 is areflective display, such as for example an LCOS, the illuminating light(e.g. from a frontlight, not shown) incident onto the image source 31010can be polarized as supplied and then analyzed after reflection, as isknown by those skilled in the art. The polarization state of the imagelight 36025 can be selected in conjunction with a polarizing beamsplitter layer which is the first partially reflective surface 36045, sothat the polarized image light is substantially transmitted by thepolarizing beam splitter layer. The lower prism element 36030 iscomprised of two pieces, an upper prism piece with plano surfaces and alower plano/convex piece that together form the shape of the lower prismelement 36030 shown in FIG. 36. A quarter wave film with it's fast axisoriented at 45 degrees to the polarization axis of the image light36025, is positioned between the upper prism piece and the lowerplano/convex piece and adhesively bonded into place. The polarized imagelight 36025 then has it's polarization state changed by 90 degrees as itpasses through the quarter wave, is reflected by the second partiallyreflective surface 3605 and passes back through the quarter wave.Because the polarization state has been changed by 90 degrees, the imagelight 36025 is then reflected and redirected by the polarizing beamsplitter layer so that it is exits from the back surface of the lowerprism element 36030 on it's way to the eyebox 31015. The advantage ofusing a first partially reflective surface 36045 that is a polarizingbeam splitter layer, is that the polarized image light 36025 from theimage source 31010 is substantially transmitted by the polarizing beamsplitter layer, while the polarized image light 36025 that has beenreflected by the second partially reflective surface 36055 and alteredby passing twice through the quarter wave is substantially reflected bythe polarizing beam splitter layer. As a result, very little image light36025 is lost during the transmission or reflection. Consequently, verylittle image light 36025 exits through the front surface of the upperprism element 36050 where it would be visible by other people in thesurrounding environment as a miniature version of the displayed image,also know as eyeglow.

In embodiments, the upper lens 36020 of FIG. 36 is comprised of two ormore refractive elements made from materials with at least two differentrefractive indices (e.g. >0.05 difference) so that refractive effectsare provides to the image light 36025 as it passes between elements. Thetwo or more refractive elements are adhesively bonded together bytransparent index matched adhesive. As a result, the solid opticalassembly 3605 includes at least two internal refractive surfaces and atleast one internal partially reflective surface. By providing additionalrefractive elements in the solid optical assembly 3605, a wider displayfield of view can be provided (e.g. 40 degrees or greater). The variouselements included in the solid optical assembly 3605 are designed toprovide a uniform thickness to provide an undistorted see-through viewof the surrounding environment. 051716 Narrow notch mirror combiner.

Another aspect of the present inventions relates to the optimization ofimage light transfer to the user's eye and scene light transmission tothe user's eye. In embodiments, notch mirrors/filters are used toreflect the image light while transmitting much of the scene light.

In a head-worn computer or head-worn display that displays a projectedimage while also providing a user with a see-through view of thesurrounding environment, it can be advantageous to include a combinerthat has a notch mirror. Where the notch mirror has bands of highreflectivity separated by bands of low reflectivity and hightransmission. The bands of high reflectivity are designed to bespectrally positioned to correspond with the emission bands provided bythe image source and the associated image light, so that the image lightis efficiently reflected by the combiner, to deliver the image light tothe user's eye. At the same time, the bands of high transmission enablelight from the environment to be efficiently transmitted by the combinerto the user's eye, to provide a see-through view of the surroundingenvironment. The user then sees a displayed image, comprised of imagelight, overlaid onto a see-through view of the surrounding environment,comprised of scene light. However, the see-through view of theenvironment can be degraded by the notch mirror, because certain colorsin the environment are blocked by the bands of high reflectivity of thenotch mirror. While the color blocking of the notch mirror typicallydoes not substantially affect the viewing experience of broad bandcolors, such as are found in nature, color blocking can be an issue fornarrow band lights in the environment such as LEDs that are used fordifferent illumination applications. For example, it can be important tobe able to see the red color associated with warning lights such astraffic lights and brake lights in the see-through view if the user isdriving a car. As a result, the inventors appreciated that there is anopportunity to provide an improved notch mirror system in a head-worncomputer that provides a bright displayed image while still providing ahigh quality see-through view of the surrounding environment,particularly if the surrounding environment includes lights such as LEDsor other lights spectrally similar to the image light.

FIG. 44 is a chart showing a typical emission spectrum, showing relativeintensity vs wavelength, for an LED module that includes red, green andblue LEDs. The data is shown for a multi-LED module LRTB GFTG fromOSRAM, Regensburg Germany. LED's such as this can be used to illuminatethe image source in a head-worn display that includes a reflectivedisplay such as LCOS, FLCOS or DLP, or alternatively LED's can be usedto illuminate a backlight for a transmissive display such as backlitLCD. As can be seen from the blue, green and red emission spectrum shownas 4415, 4417 and 4419 respectively, the full width half max (FWHM,which is the nm width of the emission curve taken at 50% of the peakrelative intensity) bandwidth associated with the LEDs can be 42 nm forthe blue LED, 64 nm for the green LED and 25 nm for the red LED. Forimage light that originates from LED illumination, the spectrum of theimage light that comprises the image viewed by the user is the combinedspectra of the blue, green and red LEDs that are shown in FIG. 44.Emissive displays can also be used as the image source in head-worndisplays including OLED and micro-LED, where emissive displays such asOLED provide a spectrum that is similar to the combined spectra providedby blue green and red LEDs.

FIG. 45 shows an illustration of reflectivity provided by a notch mirrorwith three 90% reflectivity bands, with 10% transmission, for blue,green and red shown respectively as 4515, 4517 and 4519, that match theFWHM emission bands (42 nm+64 nm+25 nm=131 nm total reflectivity) of theLEDs 4415, 4417 and 4419 shown in FIG. 44. This type of notch mirrorthat has three high reflectivity bands is also known as a tristimulusnotch mirror. Given that the FWHM bandwidths associated with each of theLEDs cover approximately 80% of the light energy emitted by the LEDs, anotch mirror that reflects 90% of the light over the same totalbandwidth would reflect 90%×80%=72% of the light from the LED. At thesame time, since the reflectivity of the notch mirror in the hightransmission bands between the high reflectivity bands is approximately5%, as shown in FIG. 45, the notch mirror transmits approximately 95% ofscene light of wavelengths between the high reflectivity bands alongwith 10% transmission of scene light within the high reflectivity bands.The total transmission of scene light can then be approximatelycalculated by bandwidth weighting of the transmission:[(10%×131)+(95%×(680−420−131))]/(680−420)=52% of the total scene lightin the visible range of 420 to 680 nm is transmitted. As such the notchmirror with reflectivity shown in FIG. 45 is simultaneously moreefficient in both reflection of image light and transmission of scenelight over a simple partial mirror that reflects 50% and transmits 50%of incident light across the entire visible range. However, light fromthe environment that originates from LED's in the environment would beblocked by the notch mirror as efficiently as the image light isreflected, which means that LED light would be transmitted atapproximately (10%×80%)+(20%×95%)=27% within the see-through view. Thislevel of transmission may not be sufficient to enable rapid observationof stop lights and other warning lights, which can be LED based, whenthe user of a head-worn display is operating a vehicle or otherequipment.

To make LED light from the environment more visible to the user, thenotch mirror can be modified to enable more light to be transmitted bythe combiner. FIG. 46 shows an illustration of a notch mirror designedwith narrower 90% reflectivity bands separated by 95% transmission bandsshown as 4615, 4617 and 4619 for blue, green and red respectively toprovide a higher transmission of scene light from the environment.Where, the width of the high reflectivity bands is selected to benarrower than the FWHM of the light source associated with the imagelight. As a result the % of image light that is reflected by thecombiner toward the user's eye is reduced and the % of scene lighttransmitted by the combiner to the user's eye is increased. Due to thepeaked shape of emission spectra of typical light sources, such as theexample emission spectra of LEDs 4415, aa17 and 4419 shown in FIG. 44,reducing the width of the high reflectivity bands, increases the %transmission of scene light faster than the % reflection of image lightis reduced. As such, it is possible to design the notch mirror toreflect a majority (>50%) of the image light while simultaneouslyproviding an even greater transmission of scene light. As shown in FIG.46, the widths of the high reflectivity bands 4615, 4617 and 4619 havebeen chosen to match the full width 70% max (the nm width of theemission curve taken at 70% of the peak relative intensity) of the LEDs,which corresponds to reflective bands of approximately 26 nm for blue,39 nm for true green and 23 nm for red (88 nm total), which provides areflection of approximately 50% of the image light based on the areaunder the spectra curves. The scene light is then transmitted at((10%×88)+(95%×(680−420−88)))/(680−420)=66% of the total scene light. Atthe same time, light from light sources such as LEDs in the environmentwill be transmitted at approximately 50% since the high reflectivitybands only block 50% of this light. This greatly improves the visibilityof narrow band light sources such as LEDs that are in the environment bythe user while preserving a reasonable level of efficiency of reflectingthe image light to the user's eye and providing a relatively high levelof see-through transmission of scene light from the surroundingenvironment. Similarly, the wavelengths of the high reflectivity bandscan be selected to be offset from a specific light source in theenvironment that is important for the user to be able to see easily.

In embodiments, there may be a problem with using narrow reflectivitybands in the notch mirror on the combiner, in that a portion of theimage light is then transmitted through the combiner, so that imagelight can be seen by adjacent people in the form of a miniatureprojected image. This effect is known as eyeglow. Eyeglow can bedetrimental in that it reduces privacy for the user because other peopleadjacent to the user can determine what the user is viewing in thehead-worn display. Eyeglow can also be distracting, in that the user'seyes are not visible and instead the user has an other-worldly look withglowing eyes. As such, it is advantageous to be able to reduce eyeglow.This can be done by filtering the image light to provide image lightwith narrow emission bands, into the optics of the head-worn display,wherein the narrow emission bands of the image light match the narrowhigh reflectivity bands of the notch mirror. FIG. 47 shows anillustration of a transmission spectrum for a notch filter with narrowtransmission bands 4725, 4727 and 4729 respectively for blue, green andred light, where the narrow transmission bands 4725, 4727 and 4729 arematched to the narrow high reflectivity bands 4615, 4617 and 4619 of thecombiner shown in FIG. 46. The notch filter can be positioned anyplacealong the optical path between the image source and the combiner so longas it does not interfere with the user's see-through view of thesurrounding environment, for example the notch filter can be associatedwith the image source. The notch filter can operate by absorbing orreflecting the non-transmitted portions of the emission spectrumprovided by the image source. The notch filter can be a plate or filmthat is positioned adjacent to the image source and has a multilayercoating or a multilayer film that has the desired transmission spectrumto convert the image light from a broader band spectrum such as is shownin FIG. 44 to a narrow band spectrum such as is shown in FIG. 48. Thenarrow band spectrum of the image light is then reflected by the narrowreflectivity bands in the combiner (shown in FIG. 46) with highefficiency (e.g. >80% and preferably >90%) and as a result, little ofthe image light (e.g. <20%) is transmitted by the combiner so thateyeglow is greatly reduced.

In embodiments of the display optics of a head-worn display, the displayoptics include a reflective or emissive image source with an associatednotch filter with narrow transmission bands spectrally aligned with thepeak emissions of the image light from the image source to provide imagelight that has one or more narrow emission bands. The image light withnarrow emission bands is then provided to display optics that include acombiner that has high reflectivity bands that are spectrally aligned incorrespondence to the narrow emission bands of the image light and arespectrally wider than the narrow emission bands to reflect a majority ofthe image light toward the user's eyes for viewing a displayed imagecomprised of image light. The combiner simultaneously transmits aportion of scene light from the surrounding environment so the userviews the displayed image overlaid onto a see-through view of thesurrounding environment. In an example, the transmission bands of thenotch filter are 15 nm wide and transmit more than 80% of the incidentimage light within the transmission bands and transmit less than 10% ofthe image light between bands. The high reflectivity bands of the notchmirror are then 18 nm wide and reflect greater than 80% of the incidentimage light within the reflection bands and reflect less than 10% whiletransmitting more than 80% of the image light between the reflectionbands, while simultaneously transmitting greater than 60% of scene light(e.g. 80% between reflection bands and 10% in the reflection bands forvisible light 420 to 670 nm,[(670−420−(3*18))*80+((3*18)*10)]/[670−420]=65%) including greater than30% of LED light from the surrounding environment. In this way, LEDlights in the environment, such as traffic lights or brake lights, canbe readily seen by the user while eyeglow is prevented.

In embodiments, the notch mirror is applied as a layer to a combinersurface that is curved and positioned so that the user's eye is on theconcave side of the combiner and the curved combiner is thereby betweenthe user's eye and the surrounding environment. This positioning enablesthe curved shape of the combiner surface to substantially improve theuniformity of the incident angle of both the image light and thesee-through light onto the notch mirror layer across the respectivefields of view. Given that the wavelengths associated with the highreflectivity bands of the notch mirror of the combiner will shift lowerand increase in bandwidth in correspondence with the incident angle ofboth the image light and the see-through light it is advantageous toreduce the range of variation of the incident angle and thereby reducecolor shifts in the image or the see-through view of the surroundingenvironment, as seen by the user. FIGS. 48a and 48b (taken from SemRockOptical Filters at non-normal angles of incidence) show how angles ofincidence (AOI) and cone half angle (CFA) cause the performance of abandpass filter to change. This type of change in a notch mirror wouldcause the reflected image light to become more bluish and thetransmitted see-through view to become more reddish. In embodiments,this type of issue may be avoided by designing the optics to use anarrow cone of image light. In other embodiments, it is advantageous todesign the optics and position the notch mirror on a curved surface tomake the angle of incidence of the image light and see-through lightmore nearly normal to the surface of the notch mirror. FIG. 49a shows anillustration of display optics 4951 that includes a flat combiner 4950with a notch mirror layer 4952. For simplicity, only rays of image light4955, 4956 and 4957 are shown from the center of the eyebox. The angleof incidence of the rays of image light 4955, 4956 and 4957 onto thesurface of the combiner 4950 vary considerably, from 40 degrees for 4956to 60 degrees for 4957. In contrast, FIG. 49b shows an illustration ofdisplay optics 4961 that includes a curved combiner 4960 with a notchmirror layer 4962 applied to the concave side of the curved combiner4960. Again, for simplicity only rays of image light from the center ofthe eyebox are shown 4965, 4967 and 4968. As can be seen, the rays ofimage light 4965, 4967 and 4968 all have very similar angles ofincidence relative to the surface of the curved combiner 4960. As such,the notch mirror layer 4962 shown in FIG. 49b can provide a higher levelof performance than the notch mirror layer 4952 shown in FIG. 49 a. FIG.49 shows a more detailed illustration of display optics 495 (similar todisplay optics 4961) for a head-worn display comprised of an imagesource 4925, one or more lenses 4923, a flat partially reflective beamsplitter 4920 and a curved combiner 4910. Wherein the combiner 4910includes a notch mirror layer 4912 that can be a multilayer coating, acoextruded film or a nanostructure that provides high reflectivity bandsseparated by bands of high transmission as has been described previouslyherein. The display optics 495 provide image light 4935 to an eyebox4937 for viewing by a user's eye while simultaneously providing the userwith a see-through view of the surrounding environment. As can be seenin FIG. 49, having a curved combiner 4910 reduces the variation of angleof incidence of the rays of the image light 4935 relative to the surfaceof the curved combiner 4910 and the associated notch mirror layer 4912within the ray bundles that comprise the display field of view. Wherevariations on incident angle of the image light 4935 relative to thesurface of the curved combiner 4910 can come from variations in theposition of the eye in the eyebox and in the cone angle associated withthe display field of view. As a result, the incident angle of the imagelight 4935 rays is substantially uniform at the notch mirror layer 4912.Similarly FIG. 49 shows how the curved surface of the combiner 4910 andassociated notch mirror layer 4912 at least partly compensates forchanges in the angle of the rays of the see-through light 4930 (shown asdashed lines) at the notch mirror layer 4912. As such, the use of acurved combiner surface where the notch mirror layer is applied reducescolor shifts across the display field of view and the see-through fieldof view, thereby enabling more compact designs of display optics withwider display field of view. In embodiments, the curved surface of thecombiner 4910 where the notch mirror layer 4912 is provided, is aspherical curve with the radius of the sphere approximately equal to thedistance between the notch mirror layer 4912 and the eyebox 4937 (e.g.the spherical radius is 75% to 120% of the distance), and the user's eyeis positioned adjacent to the eyebox 4937, so that the incident angle ofthe see-through light at the notch mirror layer is essentially identicalacross the see-through field of view.

FIG. 50 is an illustration of another example of display optics 505wherein multiple optical surfaces are internal to a solid block 507 thatis comprised of multiple transparent pieces that are cemented together.As shown in FIG. 50, the curved surface of the combiner 5010 that iscomprised of the notch mirror layer 5012 is internal to the solid block507. The multiple transparent pieces can be of the same material, ordifferent materials that have the same refractive index, so that onlyreflective surfaces (e.g. such as the beam splitter 5020 and the notchmirror layer 5012) affect the light passing through the solid block 507.Alternatively, one or more of the multiple transparent pieces locatedabove the see-through region of the optics (such as field lens 5023) canbe made from a different material with a different refractive index toprovide a refractive effect on image light as the image light passesthrough. In FIG. 50, the top piece is a field lens 5023 that provides arefractive effect to the image light 5035 because it has a differentrefractive index from the other pieces included in the solid block 507and because the surfaces of the field lens 5023 are curved. The beamsplitter layer 5020 can be a partial mirror coating or partial mirrorfilm that is positioned between two prismatic elements (508 and 509)that have the same refractive index. The combiner 5010 also has the samerefractive index as the two prismatic elements (508 and 509) so thatimage light 5035 and see-through light 5030 pass through the lowerportion of the solid block 507 without being exposed to refractiveeffects and only being affected by the partially reflective surfacespresent including the beam splitter 5020 and the curved surface that iscomprised of the notch mirror layer 5012. The front and back surfaces ofthe solid block 507 are parallel so that the see-through view of thesurrounding environment is not distorted. An advantage of using displayoptics 505 that include a solid block 507 is that the cone angle (alsoknown as the included angle and sometimes referred to in terms of ½ thecone angle or CHA as previously described herein) included in thedisplay field of view and the see-through field of view is reducedinside the solid block 507 due to refractive effects as the image light5035 exits the solid block 507 and as the see-through light 5030 entersinto the solid block 507. The cone angle reduction of the see-throughlight 5030 that occurs as the see-through light 5030 enters the solidblock 507 at the front (right side as shown in FIG. 50) of the solidblock 507 can be seen in FIG. 50. The cone angle of both the image light5035 and the see-through light 5030 then increases due to refractioneffects as the light exits the solid block 507 at the back (left side asshown in FIG. 50) to provide the display field of view and thesee-through field of view. This reduction in the cone angle of the imagelight and see-through light at the notch mirror layer 5012 reduces thevariation in the angle of incidence of both the image light 5035 and thesee-through light 5030 at the notch mirror layer 5012 which improves theuniformity of the performance of the notch mirror layer 5012 over thedisplay field of view and the see-through field of view. Reducing thecone angle of the image light in the display optics at the notch mirrorcan be important to providing uniform color across the displayed imagein wide field of view display optics such as when the display field ofview is greater than 35 degrees or greater than 40 degrees. Reducing thecone angle of the see-through light at the notch mirror can also beimportant to providing uniform see-through color when the see-throughfield of view is above 40 degrees. As such, using a notch mirror layeron a curved surface of a combiner in display optics where the curvedsurface is internal to a solid block represents a preferred embodimentof the invention.

While many of the embodiments herein describe see-through computerdisplays, the scope of the disclosure is not limited to see-throughcomputer displays. In embodiments, the head-worn computer may have adisplay that is not see-through. For example, the head-worn computer mayhave a sensor system (e.g. camera, ultrasonic system, radar, etc.) thatimages the environment proximate the head-worn computer and thenpresents the images to the user such that the user can understand thelocal environment through the images as opposed to seeing theenvironment directly. In embodiments, the local environment images maybe augmented with additional information and content such that anaugmented image of the environment is presented to the user. In general,in this disclosure, such see-through and non-see through systems may bereferred to as head-worn augmented reality systems, augmented realitydisplays, augmented reality computer displays, etc.

Although embodiments of HWC have been described in language specific tofeatures, systems, computer processes and/or methods, the appendedclaims are not necessarily limited to the specific features, systems,computer processes and/or methods described. Rather, the specificfeatures, systems, computer processes and/or and methods are disclosedas non-limited example implementations of HWC. All documents referencedherein are hereby incorporated by reference.

The methods and systems described herein may be deployed in part or inwhole through a machine that executes computer software, program codes,and/or instructions on a processor. The processor may be part of aserver, cloud server, client, network infrastructure, mobile computingplatform, stationary computing platform, or other computing platform. Aprocessor may be any kind of computational or processing device capableof executing program instructions, codes, binary instructions and thelike. The processor may be or include a signal processor, digitalprocessor, embedded processor, microprocessor or any variant such as aco-processor (math co-processor, graphic co-processor, communicationco-processor and the like) and the like that may directly or indirectlyfacilitate execution of program code or program instructions storedthereon. In addition, the processor may enable execution of multipleprograms, threads, and codes. The threads may be executed simultaneouslyto enhance the performance of the processor and to facilitatesimultaneous operations of the application. By way of implementation,methods, program codes, program instructions and the like describedherein may be implemented in one or more thread. The thread may spawnother threads that may have assigned priorities associated with them;the processor may execute these threads based on priority or any otherorder based on instructions provided in the program code. The processormay include memory that stores methods, codes, instructions and programsas described herein and elsewhere. The processor may access a storagemedium through an interface that may store methods, codes, andinstructions as described herein and elsewhere. The storage mediumassociated with the processor for storing methods, programs, codes,program instructions or other type of instructions capable of beingexecuted by the computing or processing device may include but may notbe limited to one or more of a CD-ROM, DVD, memory, hard disk, flashdrive, RAM, ROM, cache and the like.

A processor may include one or more cores that may enhance speed andperformance of a multiprocessor. In embodiments, the process may be adual core processor, quad core processors, other chip-levelmultiprocessor and the like that combine two or more independent cores(called a die).

The methods and systems described herein may be deployed in part or inwhole through a machine that executes computer software on a server,client, firewall, gateway, hub, router, or other such computer and/ornetworking hardware. The software program may be associated with aserver that may include a file server, print server, domain server,internet server, intranet server and other variants such as secondaryserver, host server, distributed server and the like. The server mayinclude one or more of memories, processors, computer readabletransitory and/or non-transitory media, storage media, ports (physicaland virtual), communication devices, and interfaces capable of accessingother servers, clients, machines, and devices through a wired or awireless medium, and the like. The methods, programs or codes asdescribed herein and elsewhere may be executed by the server. Inaddition, other devices required for execution of methods as describedin this application may be considered as a part of the infrastructureassociated with the server.

The server may provide an interface to other devices including, withoutlimitation, clients, other servers, printers, database servers, printservers, file servers, communication servers, distributed servers andthe like. Additionally, this coupling and/or connection may facilitateremote execution of program across the network. The networking of someor all of these devices may facilitate parallel processing of a programor method at one or more location without deviating from the scope ofthe invention. In addition, all the devices attached to the serverthrough an interface may include at least one storage medium capable ofstoring methods, programs, code and/or instructions. A centralrepository may provide program instructions to be executed on differentdevices. In this implementation, the remote repository may act as astorage medium for program code, instructions, and programs.

The software program may be associated with a client that may include afile client, print client, domain client, internet client, intranetclient and other variants such as secondary client, host client,distributed client and the like. The client may include one or more ofmemories, processors, computer readable transitory and/or non-transitorymedia, storage media, ports (physical and virtual), communicationdevices, and interfaces capable of accessing other clients, servers,machines, and devices through a wired or a wireless medium, and thelike. The methods, programs or codes as described herein and elsewheremay be executed by the client. In addition, other devices required forexecution of methods as described in this application may be consideredas a part of the infrastructure associated with the client.

The client may provide an interface to other devices including, withoutlimitation, servers, other clients, printers, database servers, printservers, file servers, communication servers, distributed servers andthe like. Additionally, this coupling and/or connection may facilitateremote execution of program across the network. The networking of someor all of these devices may facilitate parallel processing of a programor method at one or more location without deviating from the scope ofthe invention. In addition, all the devices attached to the clientthrough an interface may include at least one storage medium capable ofstoring methods, programs, applications, code and/or instructions. Acentral repository may provide program instructions to be executed ondifferent devices. In this implementation, the remote repository may actas a storage medium for program code, instructions, and programs.

The methods and systems described herein may be deployed in part or inwhole through network infrastructures. The network infrastructure mayinclude elements such as computing devices, servers, routers, hubs,firewalls, clients, personal computers, communication devices, routingdevices and other active and passive devices, modules and/or componentsas known in the art. The computing and/or non-computing device(s)associated with the network infrastructure may include, apart from othercomponents, a storage medium such as flash memory, buffer, stack, RAM,ROM and the like. The processes, methods, program codes, instructionsdescribed herein and elsewhere may be executed by one or more of thenetwork infrastructural elements.

The methods, program codes, and instructions described herein andelsewhere may be implemented on a cellular network having multiplecells. The cellular network may either be frequency division multipleaccess (FDMA) network or code division multiple access (CDMA) network.The cellular network may include mobile devices, cell sites, basestations, repeaters, antennas, towers, and the like.

The methods, programs codes, and instructions described herein andelsewhere may be implemented on or through mobile devices. The mobiledevices may include navigation devices, cell phones, mobile phones,mobile personal digital assistants, laptops, palmtops, netbooks, pagers,electronic books readers, music players and the like. These devices mayinclude, apart from other components, a storage medium such as a flashmemory, buffer, RAM, ROM and one or more computing devices. Thecomputing devices associated with mobile devices may be enabled toexecute program codes, methods, and instructions stored thereon.Alternatively, the mobile devices may be configured to executeinstructions in collaboration with other devices. The mobile devices maycommunicate with base stations interfaced with servers and configured toexecute program codes. The mobile devices may communicate on a peer topeer network, mesh network, or other communications network. The programcode may be stored on the storage medium associated with the server andexecuted by a computing device embedded within the server. The basestation may include a computing device and a storage medium. The storagedevice may store program codes and instructions executed by thecomputing devices associated with the base station.

The computer software, program codes, and/or instructions may be storedand/or accessed on machine readable transitory and/or non-transitorymedia that may include: computer components, devices, and recordingmedia that retain digital data used for computing for some interval oftime; semiconductor storage known as random access memory (RAM); massstorage typically for more permanent storage, such as optical discs,forms of magnetic storage like hard disks, tapes, drums, cards and othertypes; processor registers, cache memory, volatile memory, non-volatilememory; optical storage such as CD, DVD; removable media such as flashmemory (e.g. USB sticks or keys), floppy disks, magnetic tape, papertape, punch cards, standalone RAM disks, Zip drives, removable massstorage, off-line, and the like; other computer memory such as dynamicmemory, static memory, read/write storage, mutable storage, read only,random access, sequential access, location addressable, fileaddressable, content addressable, network attached storage, storage areanetwork, bar codes, magnetic ink, and the like.

The methods and systems described herein may transform physical and/oror intangible items from one state to another. The methods and systemsdescribed herein may also transform data representing physical and/orintangible items from one state to another, such as from usage data to anormalized usage dataset.

The elements described and depicted herein, including in flow charts andblock diagrams throughout the figures, imply logical boundaries betweenthe elements. However, according to software or hardware engineeringpractices, the depicted elements and the functions thereof may beimplemented on machines through computer executable transitory and/ornon-transitory media having a processor capable of executing programinstructions stored thereon as a monolithic software structure, asstandalone software modules, or as modules that employ externalroutines, code, services, and so forth, or any combination of these, andall such implementations may be within the scope of the presentdisclosure. Examples of such machines may include, but may not belimited to, personal digital assistants, laptops, personal computers,mobile phones, other handheld computing devices, medical equipment,wired or wireless communication devices, transducers, chips,calculators, satellites, tablet PCs, electronic books, gadgets,electronic devices, devices having artificial intelligence, computingdevices, networking equipment, servers, routers and the like.Furthermore, the elements depicted in the flow chart and block diagramsor any other logical component may be implemented on a machine capableof executing program instructions. Thus, while the foregoing drawingsand descriptions set forth functional aspects of the disclosed systems,no particular arrangement of software for implementing these functionalaspects should be inferred from these descriptions unless explicitlystated or otherwise clear from the context. Similarly, it will beappreciated that the various steps identified and described above may bevaried, and that the order of steps may be adapted to particularapplications of the techniques disclosed herein. All such variations andmodifications are intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure.As such, the depiction and/or description of an order for various stepsshould not be understood to require a particular order of execution forthose steps, unless required by a particular application, or explicitlystated or otherwise clear from the context.

The methods and/or processes described above, and steps thereof, may berealized in hardware, software or any combination of hardware andsoftware suitable for a particular application. The hardware may includea dedicated computing device or specific computing device or particularaspect or component of a specific computing device. The processes may berealized in one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, embeddedmicrocontrollers, programmable digital signal processors or otherprogrammable device, along with internal and/or external memory. Theprocesses may also, or instead, be embodied in an application specificintegrated circuit, a programmable gate array, programmable array logic,or any other device or combination of devices that may be configured toprocess electronic signals. It will further be appreciated that one ormore of the processes may be realized as a computer executable codecapable of being executed on a machine readable medium.

The computer executable code may be created using a structuredprogramming language such as C, an object oriented programming languagesuch as C++, or any other high-level or low-level programming language(including assembly languages, hardware description languages, anddatabase programming languages and technologies) that may be stored,compiled or interpreted to run on one of the above devices, as well asheterogeneous combinations of processors, processor architectures, orcombinations of different hardware and software, or any other machinecapable of executing program instructions.

Thus, in one aspect, each method described above and combinationsthereof may be embodied in computer executable code that, when executingon one or more computing devices, performs the steps thereof. In anotheraspect, the methods may be embodied in systems that perform the stepsthereof, and may be distributed across devices in a number of ways, orall of the functionality may be integrated into a dedicated, standalonedevice or other hardware. In another aspect, the means for performingthe steps associated with the processes described above may include anyof the hardware and/or software described above. All such permutationsand combinations are intended to fall within the scope of the presentdisclosure.

While the invention has been disclosed in connection with the preferredembodiments shown and described in detail, various modifications andimprovements thereon will become readily apparent to those skilled inthe art. Accordingly, the spirit and scope of the present invention isnot to be limited by the foregoing examples, but is to be understood inthe broadest sense allowable by law.

We claim:
 1. A head-worn computer, comprising: a see-through displaywherein computer content is presented to a user wearing the head-worncomputer and through which the user sees a surrounding environment,wherein the see-through display generates image light comprising narrowbandwidths of red, green and blue light; and wherein the see-throughdisplay further comprises a tristimulus notch mirror positioned toreflect the image light towards the user's eye.
 2. The head-worncomputer of claim 1, wherein the image light is generated with anemissive display.
 3. The head-worn computer of claim 1, wherein theimage light is generated with a reflective display.